Comparison of immunogenicity and virulence between <i>Babesia bigemina</i> parasites from continuous culture and from a splenectomised calf

Jorgensen, W.K.; Vos, Aj. De.; Dalgliesh, R.J.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb09738.x

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis are the causative agents of this disease in the Americas, Africa, and Australia, and their presence in endemic grazing regions precludes the movement of highly specialized cattle needed for the improvement of indigenous breeds. Current immunoprophylactic methods are based on the use of live attenuated parasites from intact or splenectomized donor cattle (16) or from continuous erythrocyte cultures (33). The use of these vaccines, however, is limited by problems with standardization (15), contaminating blood-borne pathogens (45), and the selection of non-cross-protective virulent field strains (2), which underscore the need to develop safe and effective vaccines against babesiosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

CD4+ T-helper lymphocyte responses against Babesia bigemina rhoptry-associated protein I

et al. 1996

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A multigene family of 58-to 60-kDa proteins, which are designated rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) and which come from the parasites Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, is a target for vaccine development. The presence of multiple gene copies and conserved sequences and epitopes of RAP-1 implies that these proteins are functionally important for the survival of these parasites. Furthermore, it was previously shown that B. bigemina RAP-1 induced partial protection against challenge infection. However, the lack of correlation between protective immunity to B. bigemina infection and antibody titers against a merozoite surface-exposed, neutralization-sensitive epitope of B. bigemina RAP-1 indicated the potential importance of RAP-1-specific T helper (Th) cells in the observed protection. To begin to understand the mechanism of RAP-1-induced protective immunity, RAP-1-specific T-cell responses were characterized in cattle. Vigorous and sustained proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from native RAP-1-immunized cattle were observed. The anamnestic response in immunized cattle was specific for B. bigemina RAP-1 and predominantly comprised CD4 ؉ T cells, which upon cloning expressed type 1 cytokine mRNA profiles and high levels of gamma interferon protein. The T cells responded to both native and recombinant forms of RAP-1, indicating the potential to use recombinant protein or epitopes derived therefrom as a vaccine that could evoke specific recall responses after exposure to natural infection. The differential responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and seven Th-cell clones derived from RAP-1-immunized cattle to different Central American strains of B. bigemina indicated the presence of at least one conserved and one variable Th-cell epitope. The lack of response to B. bovis RAP-1 indicated that a strictly conserved 14-amino-acid peptide shared by the two babesial species was not immunogenic for Th cells in these experiments. However, the Th-cell epitope conserved among strains of B. bigemina may be a useful component of a RAP-1 subunit vaccine.

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confidence: 99%

CD4+ T-helper lymphocyte responses against Babesia bigemina rhoptry-associated protein I

et al. 1996

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“…42 Laboratory evidence (Table 3a, b, c) suggests that, while B bigemina is generally of low pathogenicity, the strain affords sound protection, even when virulent laboratory isolates are used. 42,43 Demand for B bigemina vaccine was negligible before 1990 and field evaluation until that time was therefore impractical. Since then, demand has increased and more than 3.3 million doses were supplied between 1990 and 2000.…”

Section: Host and Related Factors Influencing The Development Of Protmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity following use of Australian tick fever vaccine: a review of the evidence

Bock

Vos

2001

Aust Veterinary J

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Objective To review the evidence available on the degree and duration of immunity provided by Australian tick fever vaccines against Babesia bovis, B bigeminaand Anaplasma marginale infections in Australia and overseas. Background Vaccines containing attenuated strains of B bovis and B bigemina as well as A centrale grown in splenectomised calves have been used in Australia since 1964 to immunise cattle against tick fever. About 800,000 doses of vaccine are supplied annually and much of the evidence for protection is field evidence rather than conventional immunological measures or pen trials. Conclusions Immunity to Babesia bovis and B bigemina – A single inoculation generally provides sound, long‐lasting protection both in Australia and overseas. No evidence was found of a loss of immunity with time. Vaccine failures to B bovis d o occur, but are uncommon and evidently caused by a number of factors, including immune responsiveness of the vaccinated animals, and immunogenicity of the vaccine strain. Immunity to Anaplasma marginale– The vaccine containing A centrale provides partial, variable protection against A marginale. Protection against challenge in Australia is adequate in most cases to prevent disease and use of the vaccine in this country appears to be justified. Protection against antigenically diverse, highly virulent stocks of A marginale i n other countries is, at times, clearly inadequate and better vaccines are required in situations where the challenge is severe.

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“…67 Subcultivation of B. bigemina for 100 days did not alter its immunogenicity and virulence for calves. 79 Culture‐derived Babesia parasites have been successfully cryopreserved with polyvinylpyrolidone as cryoprotectant. 74,80,81 The low‐temperature storage of Babesia spp.…”

Section: Culture‐grown Babesia Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture‐Derived Parasites in Vaccination of Cattle against Tick‐Borne Diseases

Shkap¹,

Pipano²

2000

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The major economically important tick‐borne diseases of cattle are theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and cowdriosis. Culture‐derived attenuated schizonts of Theileria annulata have proved to be safe for all types of cattle and they protect against tick‐borne theileriosis. T. parva was also successfully grown in vitro; however, inoculation of cattle with allogeneic schizont‐infected cells resulted in rejection and destruction of the parasites together with the host cells. The number of schizont‐infected cells needed for immunization is greater than for T. annulata theileriosis. Culture‐propagated Babesia bovis and B. bigemina were used for large scale vaccination in the field. An avirulent population of Babesia spp. was obtained by in vitro cloning; inoculation of cattle did not induce clinical babesiosis, but produced specific antibodies. Culture‐derived exoantigens of Babesia spp. proved to be completely safe for cattle, however, they conferred less protection than live parasites. Cell‐cultured Cowdria ruminantium was highly infective for susceptible animals but, attenuated in vitro, could offer a potential source for vaccination. Anaplasma marginale, successfully grown in tick cell culture, may be developed for vaccines. Factors that should be considered in the developing of vaccines against tick‐borne diseases include: the protective immune response to the pathogenic parasite developmental stages, virulence, immunological strain differences, and antigenic variations in cattle and in culture.

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Comparison of immunogenicity and virulence between Babesia bigemina parasites from continuous culture and from a splenectomised calf

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

CD4+ T-helper lymphocyte responses against Babesia bigemina rhoptry-associated protein I

CD4+ T-helper lymphocyte responses against Babesia bigemina rhoptry-associated protein I

Immunity following use of Australian tick fever vaccine: a review of the evidence

Culture‐Derived Parasites in Vaccination of Cattle against Tick‐Borne Diseases

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