Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy

Handwerker, Michael; Wellnitz, Jörg; Marzbani, Hormoz

doi:10.3390/hydrogen2010005

Cited by 46 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…16 Furthermore, given that the primary use of hydrogen is currently in industrial applications, it is in the interest of the European Union to shift toward the production of green hydrogen to achieve net-zero carbon emission goals. 17 Hydrogen is the most abundant gas in the universe and has the maximum energy content per unit of weight compared to any other known fuel. 18,19 Using hydrogen for energy production does not result in pollutant emissions because only heat and water vapor are produced, 20−22 reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of the foregoing, multiple studies have focused on developing new technologies toward renewable energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels. − In this context, the number of countries with policies that directly support investment in hydrogen technologies is increasing . Furthermore, given that the primary use of hydrogen is currently in industrial applications, it is in the interest of the European Union to shift toward the production of green hydrogen to achieve net-zero carbon emission goals . Hydrogen is the most abundant gas in the universe and has the maximum energy content per unit of weight compared to any other known fuel. , Using hydrogen for energy production does not result in pollutant emissions because only heat and water vapor are produced, − reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Production Technologies: From Fossil Fuels toward Renewable Sources. A Mini Review

et al. 2021

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The global economic growth, the increase in the population, and advances in technology lead to an increment in the global primary energy demand. Considering that most of this energy is currently supplied by fossil fuels, a considerable amount of greenhouse gases are emitted, contributing to climate change, which is the reason why the next European Union binding agreement is focused on reducing carbon emissions using hydrogen. This study reviews different technologies for hydrogen production using renewable and non-renewable resources. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is performed on renewablebased technologies to evaluate which technologies are economically and energetically more promising. The results show how biomass-based technologies allow for a similar hydrogen yield compared to those obtained with water-based technologies but with higher energy efficiencies and lower operational costs. More specifically, biomass gasification and steam reforming obtained a proper balance between the studied parameters, with gasification being the technique that allows for higher hydrogen yields, while steam reforming is more energy-efficient. Nevertheless, the application of hydrogen as the energy vector of the future requires both the use of renewable feedstocks with a sustainable energy source. This combination would potentially produce green hydrogen while reducing carbon dioxide emissions, limiting global climate change, and, thus, achieving the so-called hydrogen economy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Production Technologies: From Fossil Fuels toward Renewable Sources. A Mini Review

et al. 2021

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“…Lithium-ion batteries are under constant development, but they still have some issues. One of these is the use of cobalt in the cathode, the production of which raises environmental and social concerns in producer countries [9]. Alternative elements such as nickel and manganese are also considered, but cobalt is still used in most batteries [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability Indicators for the Manufacturing and Use of a Fuel Cell Prototype and Hydrogen Storage for Portable Uses

et al. 2021

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A sustainability assessment regarding the manufacturing process and the use of a new proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), specially designed for portable hydrogen applications, is presented. The initial fuel cell prototype has been configured by taking into account exclusively technical issues. However, a life cycle analysis considering environmental and socioeconomic impacts is crucial to improve the model to develop a more sustainable product. From the environmental perspective, the durability of the system and its efficiency are key elements required to decrease the potential overall impacts. High electricity consumption for manufacturing requires a commitment to the use of renewable energies, due to the high current value of the projected impact of climate change (42.5 tonnes of CO2 eq). From the socioeconomic point of view, the dependence of imported components required for the synthesis of some materials displaces the effects of value added and employment in Spain, potentially concentrating the largest impact on countries such as Singapore, Japan and the UK, whereas the cell assembly would have a greater benefit for the country of fabrication. These results provide a basis for new research strategies since they can be considered standard values for improving future upgrades of the fuel cell in terms of sustainability.

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“…The energy consumption of a FCEV is estimated by comparing the efficiencies of BEV and FCEV for converting grid electricity into power at the wheels. The grid-to-wheel efficiency of a BEV is estimated to be 83% by multiplying the following efficiencies: 97% for the AC/DC inverter, 95% for the batteries, 97% for the DC/AC inverter, and 93% for the electric motor [32]. The grid-to-wheel efficiency of an FCEV is taken as 35% by multiplying the following efficiencies and assuming hydrogen is produced directly at the refuel station: 97% for the AC/DC inverter, 73% for water electrolysis, 92% for hydrogen compression, 60% for the fuel cell, 97% for the DC/AC inverter, and 93% for the electric motor [32,33].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The grid-to-wheel efficiency of a BEV is estimated to be 83% by multiplying the following efficiencies: 97% for the AC/DC inverter, 95% for the batteries, 97% for the DC/AC inverter, and 93% for the electric motor [32]. The grid-to-wheel efficiency of an FCEV is taken as 35% by multiplying the following efficiencies and assuming hydrogen is produced directly at the refuel station: 97% for the AC/DC inverter, 73% for water electrolysis, 92% for hydrogen compression, 60% for the fuel cell, 97% for the DC/AC inverter, and 93% for the electric motor [32,33]. The ratio of these efficiencies (R BEV:FCEV ) equals 2.37 (83%/35%), meaning that a FCEV requires that many times more energy than the BEV for a similar range.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decarbonizing Local Mobility and Greenhouse Agriculture through Residential Building Energy Upgrades: A Case Study for Québec

2021

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Electrification is an efficient way to decarbonize by replacing fossil fuels with low-emission power. In addition, energy efficiency measures can reduce consumption, making it easier to shift to a zero-carbon society. In Québec, upgrades to aging buildings that employ electric resistance heating offer a unique opportunity to free up large amounts of hydroelectricity that can serve to decarbonize heating in other buildings. However, another source of energy would be needed to electrify mobility because efficiency measures free up small amounts of electricity in summer compared to winter. This study reveals how building efficiency measures combined with solar electricity generation provide an energy profile that matches the requirements for decarbonizing both mobility and heating. The TRNSYS software was used to simulate the annual energy performance of an existing house and retrofitted/rebuilt low-energy houses equipped with a photovoltaic (PV) roof in Montreal, Québec, Canada (45.5° N). The electricity that is made available by upgrading the houses is mainly considered for powering battery and fuel cell electric vehicles (BEVs and FCEVs) and electrifying heating in greenhouses. The results indicate that retrofitting 16% or rebuilding 12% of single-detached homes in Québec can provide enough electricity to decarbonize heating energy use in existing greenhouses and to operate the new greenhouses required for growing all fresh vegetables locally. If all the single-detached houses that employ electric resistance heating are upgraded, 33.4 and 21.8 TWh year−1 of electricity would be available for decarbonization, equivalent to a 19% and 12% increase of the province’s electricity supply for the retrofitted or rebuilt houses, respectively. This is enough energy to convert 83–100% of personal vehicles to BEVs or 35–56% to FCEVs. Decarbonization using the electricity that is made available by upgrading to low-energy solar houses could reduce the province’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by approximately 32% (26.5 MtCO2eq). The time required for the initial embodied GHG emissions to surpass the emissions avoided by electrification ranges from 3.4 to 11.2 years. Building energy efficiency retrofits/rebuilds combined with photovoltaics is a promising approach for Québec to maximize the decarbonization potential of its existing energy resources while providing local energy and food security.

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Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy

Cited by 46 publications

References 77 publications

Hydrogen Production Technologies: From Fossil Fuels toward Renewable Sources. A Mini Review

Hydrogen Production Technologies: From Fossil Fuels toward Renewable Sources. A Mini Review

Sustainability Indicators for the Manufacturing and Use of a Fuel Cell Prototype and Hydrogen Storage for Portable Uses

Decarbonizing Local Mobility and Greenhouse Agriculture through Residential Building Energy Upgrades: A Case Study for Québec

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