Comparison of humoral insulin-like growth factor-1, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor-β1, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentrations among equine autologous blood-derived preparations

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To compare humoral insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) concentrations in plasma and 3 types of equine autologous blood-derived preparations (ABPs). SAMPLE Blood and ABP samples from 12 horses. PROCEDURES Blood samples from each horse were processed by use of commercial systems to obtain plasma, platelet concentrate, conditioned serum, and aqueous platelet lysate. Half of the platelet concentrate samples were additionally treated with a detergent to release intracellular mediators. Humoral IGF-1, PDGF-BB, TGF-β1, and IL-1Ra concentrations were measured with ELISAs and compared statistically. RESULTS Median IGF-1 concentration was highest in conditioned serum and detergent-treated platelet concentrate, followed by platelet concentrate and plasma; IGF-1 was not detected in platelet lysate. Mean PDGF-BB concentration was highest in platelet lysate, followed by detergent-treated platelet concentrate and conditioned serum; PDGF-BB was not detected in plasma and platelet concentrate. Median TGF-β1 concentration was highest in detergent-treated platelet concentrate, followed by conditioned serum, platelet lysate, and platelet concentrate; TGF-β1 was not detected in most plasma samples. Median IL-1Ra concentration was highest in platelet lysate, followed by conditioned serum; IL-1Ra was not detected in almost all plasma, detergent-treated platelet concentrate, and platelet concentrate samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Each ABP had its own cytokine profile, which was determined by the specific processing method. Coagulation and cellular lysis strongly increased humoral concentrations of cell-derived cytokines. No ABP had the highest concentrations for all cytokines. Further studies are needed to assess clinical relevance of these findings.

Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Increases Growth Factor Release from Equine Platelet-Rich Plasma In Vitro

“…When activated, platelets release multiple growth factors and cytokines from their α granules ( 29 , 34 ) including TGF-β 1 and PDGF-ββ, which have been repeatedly evaluated in many other related studies ( 23 – 25 , 35 , 36 ). The authors chose to evaluate concentrations of TGF-β 1 and PDGF-ββ because these growth factors are found in the high concentrations in equine platelets ( 24 ) giving us the opportunity to more accurately quantify concentration changes relative to our treatment groups.…”

“…However, as mentioned earlier, freezing and thawing the PRP sample would preclude its use as a stall-side therapy. It has also been suggested that a freeze/thaw cycle results in platelet lysing and complete degranulation ( 36 , 39 ) rather than platelet activation. It has been shown that platelets may continue to release growth factors for several days after reaching the injury site, because the half-life of platelets has been estimated to be 5–7 days ( 40 ).…”

Qualitative comparison between equine bone marrow- and blood-derived autologous conditioned serum

“…Sowohl im Blut als auch im Knochenmark befinden sich viele verschiedene anabol und anti-katabol wirkende Zytokine, wie Wachstumsfaktoren (WF) und andere Peptide, die eine solche Wirkung ausüben können (Smith et al 2006, Hraha et al 2011, Boswell et al 2012, Textor 2014. Ursprünglich befindet sich der größte Anteil dieser Botenstoffe intrazellulär, hauptsächlich in Thrombozyten und Leukozyten, aber ein gewisser Teil liegt extrazellulär in bioaktiver humoraler Form im Plasma von Blut und Knochenmark vor (Korf-Klingebiel et al 2008, McCarrel und Fortier 2009, Soltan et al 2009, Boswell et al 2012, Ionita et al 2016. Werden Thrombozyten und Leukozyten aktiviert, reagieren sie darauf mit der Freisetzung dieser Moleküle wodurch diese ihre Wirksamkeit entfalten können (Boswell et al 2012, Textor 2014.…”

“…Anschließend wurde der Überstand (KM-ACS) in eine 12 ml Polypropylen Spritze aufgezogen. (Giraldo et al 2013, Hessel et al 2015, Ionita et al 2016. Dies bestätigt, dass es sich bei Orthobiologika nicht um standardisierte Therapeutika handelt, was die Etablierung von Behandlungsprotokollen erschwert und somit keine zuverlässige individuelle Aussage über die enthaltenen Inhaltsstoffe bzw.…”

“…Die Erhöhung der jeweiligen Zytokinkonzentrationen nach der detergenzinduzierten Lyse des KMÜ erklärt sich dadurch, dass durch die Zerstörung der Thrombozyten und Leukozyten (und eventuell eines geringen Anteils anderer beinhalteter Zellarten) im Überstand weitere zuvor intrazelluläre Zytokine frei werden (Burnouf et al 2008, Ionita et al 2016 (Prockop und Oh 2012, Isoda et al 2014). …”