Comparison of hot Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extractions with microwave and supercritical fluid extractions for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated derivatives strongly adsorbed on soot collected inside a diesel particulate filter

Analytical Methodologies for the Control of Particle-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds from Diesel Engine Exhaust

“…However, more and more engines equipped with DPF result in the production of soot with very few condensed SOF, where the PAHs can be very difficult to extract; therefore, it seems risky to neglect the optimisation of the extraction step. Soxhlet extraction can be enhanced with hot Soxhlet, where heating is also applied to the extraction cavity (unlike conventional Soxhlet), but the temperature must be kept lower than the boiling point of the extracting solvent mixture to keep it in the liquid state; therefore, temperatures are not high, and even if the recoveries are slightly better than using conventional Soxhlet, it remains difficult to quantitatively extract high weight PAHs from poor SOF diesel particles [60].…”

“…Elevated temperatures (150-200°C) permit to disrupt the strong solute-matrix interactions, and a high pressure (100-150 bars) forces the extraction solvent into the matrix pores. Less than 20 mL of solvent can be used to extract PAHs and nitro-PAHs from diesel PM; extractions with toluene [61], methylene chloride [16] or less conventional solvents based on pyridine [60] were performed. Extraction apparatus (a) Microwave-Assisted Extraction: MAE extraction vessels are placed on a turntable inside an oven and are subjected to microwave irradiations generated by a magnetron.…”

“…Finally, many studies have focused on particles directly collected inside of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) to understand the effects that an exhaust after-treatment device may have on the formation of particle-bound PAHs; once the DPF filter is weighed for total mass emission control, the particles can be blown-off and recovered for subsequent chemical analysis [60].…”

Analysis of Parent/Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Particulate Matter 2.5 Based on Femtosecond Ionization Mass Spectrometry

“…All of the heavy PPAHs were observed in the display except for DBA. Lack of the signal for DBA would be due to a low concentration of this compound in the PM2.5 sample, since the LOD is relatively lower than those of the other compounds (see Table 1) and the concentration of DBA in the standard reference material (SRM1650b) is reported to be more than an order of magnitude lower than that of BPY [29]. The concentrations of the PPAHs in PM2.5 were measured after extraction with different solvents to find the optimum condition for pretreatment using a real sample.…”

Determining indicator toxaphene congeners in soil using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…ASE is a relatively new extraction technique that offers faster sample processing than traditional solvent extraction methods and the potential for the automated, unattended extraction of multiple solid samples [28,29]. ASE is now frequently used for a variety of environmental analyses [30].…”