Comparison of geostatistical approaches to spatially interpolate month‐year rainfall for the Hawaiian Islands

Frazier, Abby G.; Giambelluca, Thomas W.; Díaz, Henry F.; Needham, Heidi

doi:10.1002/joc.4437

Cited by 101 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This minimizes variability in the composition of fresh bedrock, thereby simplifying the study. Rainfall, by contrast, varies enormously from >6 m/yr on the windward side of the large islands to <0.25 m/yr on leeward or rain shadow areas (Frazier et al, 2016). The islands also vary in age from ca.…”

Section: Geologic and Hydrologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 96%

A conceptual model for the rapid weathering of tropical ocean islands: A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysics, Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, USA

et al. 2018

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Much of the world's population lives in developing countries in regions with deeply weathered soils and thick, subjacent saprolites. These areas are widespread in the tropics and compose an important component of the critical zone (CZ). The Hawaiian Islands (USA) make an excellent natural laboratory for examining the tropical CZ, where the bedrock composition (basalt) is nearly uniform but of variable age and where climate (rainfall) varies greatly. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for rapid weathering to deep regolith profiles in tropical ocean islands.In the Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, a variably weathered, thick soil and saprolite profile is exposed along sea cliffs in a mesic climate setting. Laterite development includes the entire vadose zone, with a mineralogy that chiefly includes halloysite ± gibbsite and Fe-oxides and mixed Fe-oxides and hydroxide species developed on a 303 ka substrate. Gibbsite-rich horizons occur in enhanced zones of weathering. At the base of the weathering front and on the rinds of core stones, transient smectite clays are developed, but rapidly break down to halloysite. Excess Al and Fe found in soil and saprolite likely originated from the decomposition of volcanic ash deposited on the ground surface from later effusive volcanism.Shear-wave velocity data derived from multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and common depth point (CDP) seismic reflection profiles reveal important internal details of the weathering profiles that complement information derived from nearby rock outcrop along a sea cliff. In addition to identifying the depth of the weathering front, stiff horizons within the laterite correlate to high gibbsite abundances in the MASW profile. Parallel to the paleo-lava flow direction, relict igneous stratigraphy is expressed as seaward-dipping reflectors on CDP profiles, whereas perpendicular to flow, reflector geometry suggests lenticular bodies within laterite.A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysical studies leads to the development of a conceptual model to explain variable weathering within the CZ. First, although there is an overall trend for the downward migration of the weathering front with time, zones of high initial permeability (rubble above or below a'a flows; tephra or scoria deposits) are influenced by both downward and lateral fluxes of water, leading to enhanced weathering in what are now gibbsite-rich horizons. Second, the dense cores of a'a flows with widely spaced joints preserve large core stones that weather inward where halloysite-rich saprolite gives way to smectite-rich rims. Thus, differential weathering is a natural consequence of textural variations in primary igneous stratigraphy with superimposed additions of Al and Fe from the dissolution of basaltic glass. This study shows how weathering features and processes may be synthesized from outcrop, geochemical observations, and geophysical profiles into a multi-stage conceptual model of weathering.

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Section: Geologic and Hydrologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 96%

A conceptual model for the rapid weathering of tropical ocean islands: A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysics, Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, USA

et al. 2018

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“…For rainfall, we used a database of spatially-explicit (250 m grid cell resolution) hind-casted monthly rainfall estimates for the island of Maui from 1920 through 2012 [54]. We extracted all grid cells coinciding with the silversword distribution, and used these to calculate the average dry season (May-October), wet season (November-April) and annual (by water year, November-October) rainfall across the silversword range during each inter-census period.…”

Section: Influence Of Climate On Decadal Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in trade wind inversion frequency implicated in the decline of an alpine plant

Krushelnycky

Starr

et al. 2016

Clim Chang Responses

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Background: Detailed assessments of species responses to climate change are uncommon, owing to the limited nature of most ecological and local climate data sets. Exceptions, such as the case of the Haleakalā silversword, can provide important insights into the complexity of biological responses to changing climate conditions. We present a time series of decadal population censuses, combined with a pair of early population projections, which together span the past 80 years of demographic history for this alpine plant. Results: The time series suggests a strong population recovery from the 1930s through the 1980s, likely owing at least in part to management actions taken on its behalf. In contrast, the population is estimated to have suffered a decline of approximately 60 % since the early 1990s. Fine-scale estimates of rainfall within silversword habitat are strongly correlated with these decadal-scale population changes over the past 50 years, with rainfall estimated to be substantially lower on average during the two most recent inter-census periods (after 1991). The reversal in the silversword population trajectory, and declines in rainfall in silversword habitat, coincide with an abrupt increase in the frequency of occurrence of the trade wind inversion (TWI) in Hawaiʻi around 1990. Conclusions: The shift in TWI incidence, which is linked to stronger subsidence in the Hadley circulation, has led to drier conditions in high elevation ecosystems in Hawaiʻi and appears to be eliciting ecological responses. Other regions influenced by the TWI could be similarly affected. The silversword case study reveals additional unexpected outcomes, such as the likely initial retraction from wetter, rather than drier, portions of the range in response to drying conditions. This pattern may stem in part from variation in drought tolerance across the range, highlighting the importance of detailed ecological and climatic information for making accurate predictions about climate change responses.

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“…As discussed above, rainfall values for Hawaii (HIrain) are based on the dataset developed by Frazier et al (2016). Time series of HI-rain for DJF and NovemberApril (the nominal wet season) are shown in Fig.…”

Section: B Reconstruction Of Hawaii Rainfallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over 2000 rain gauge stations were initially considered, but because of length of record and other issues ;1100 stations were used in the final compilation (see Fig. 1 in Frazier et al 2016). This set of digital maps allows estimation of the area-averaged monthly rainfall time series for the state of Hawaii as a whole and for each of the major islands [Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (known as the Big Island)] for the period 1920-2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Five-Century Reconstruction of Hawaiian Islands Winter Rainfall

Díaz

Wahl

Zorita³

et al. 2016

Journal of Climate

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Few if any high-resolution (annually resolved) paleoclimate records are available for the Hawaiian Islands prior to ;1850 CE, after which some instrumental records start to become available. This paper shows how atmospheric teleconnection patterns between North America and the northeastern North Pacific (NNP) allow for reconstruction of Hawaiian Islands rainfall using remote proxy information from North America. Based on a newly available precipitation dataset for the state of Hawaii and observed and reconstructed DecemberFebruary (DJF) sea level pressures (SLPs) in the North Pacific Ocean, the authors make use of a strong relationship between winter SLP variability in the northeast Pacific and corresponding DJF Hawaii rainfall variations to reconstruct and evaluate that season's rainfall over the period 1500-2012 CE. A general drying trend, though with substantial decadal and longer-term variability, is evident, particularly during the last ;160 years. Hawaiian Islands rainfall exhibits strong modulation by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as well as in relation to Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)-like variability. For significant periods of time, the reconstructed large-scale changes in the North Pacific SLP field described here and by construction the long-term decline in Hawaiian winter rainfall are broadly consistent with long-term changes in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) based on ENSO reconstructions documented in several other studies, particularly over the last two centuries. Also noted are some rather large multidecadal fluctuations in rainfall (and hence in NNP SLP) in the eighteenth century of undetermined provenance.

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Comparison of geostatistical approaches to spatially interpolate month‐year rainfall for the Hawaiian Islands

Cited by 101 publications

References 41 publications

A conceptual model for the rapid weathering of tropical ocean islands: A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysics, Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, USA

A conceptual model for the rapid weathering of tropical ocean islands: A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysics, Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, USA

Change in trade wind inversion frequency implicated in the decline of an alpine plant

A Five-Century Reconstruction of Hawaiian Islands Winter Rainfall

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