Comparison of Genetic and Virulence Diversity of<i>Melampsora larici-populina</i>Populations on Wild and Cultivated Poplar and Influence of the Alternate Host

Gérard, P.; Husson, Claude; Pinon, Jean; Frey, Pascal

doi:10.1094/phyto-96-1027

Cited by 51 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Moreover, as discussed by Abbo et al (1), wild hosts can also act as a selection pressure which could affect the fitness of M. pinodes isolates. Gerard et al (21) and Frenkel et al (19) showed that an exchange between wild and domesticated plants could exist in nature. Moreover, Peever (40) showed that as wild host populations are generally more diverse, they could influence the genetic structure of the plant pathogen populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single, Plastic Population of Mycosphaerella pinodes Causes Ascochyta Blight on Winter and Spring Peas (Pisum sativum) in France

May

Guibert

Leclerc

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Plant diseases are caused by pathogen populations continuously subjected to evolutionary forces (genetic flow, selection, and recombination). Ascochyta blight, caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes, is one of the most damaging necrotrophic pathogens of field peas worldwide. In France, both winter and spring peas are cultivated. Although these crops overlap by about 4 months (March to June), primary Ascochyta blight infections are not synchronous on the two crops. This suggests that the disease could be due to two different M. pinodes populations, specialized on either winter or spring pea. To test this hypothesis, 144 pathogen isolates were collected in the field during the winter and spring growing seasons in Rennes (western France), and all the isolates were genotyped using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Furthermore, the pathogenicities of 33 isolates randomly chosen within the collection were tested on four pea genotypes (2 winter and 2 spring types) grown under three climatic regimes, simulating winter, late winter, and spring conditions. M. pinodes isolates from winter and spring peas were genetically polymorphic but not differentiated according to the type of cultivars. Isolates from winter pea were more pathogenic than isolates from spring pea on hosts raised under winter conditions, while isolates from spring pea were more pathogenic than those from winter pea on plants raised under spring conditions. These results show that disease developed on winter and spring peas was initiated by a single population of M. pinodes whose pathogenicity is a plastic trait modulated by the physiological status of the host plant. P lant parasites can quickly adapt to their hosts and overcome resistance genes used in crop protection. This process occurs both in agroecosystems, where hosts (cultivars) are typically quite uniform genetically, and in wild pathosystems, where hosts and parasites show high levels of diversity and are structured as metapopulations (12). However, a number of crop plants are grown in complex ecosystems rather than as the monocultures which characterize modern agriculture; this is particularly the case for species grown as both winter and spring cultivars and for which wild relatives occur as weeds or in field margins.From a plant pathology point of view, such complex ecosystems are usually characterized by one or more of the following parameters: (i) spatial and temporal heterogeneity of hosts, which creates patchiness and an often complex age structure, (ii) intraand interspecific diversity, and (iii) multiple host-pathogen interactions. These features favor niche partitioning, as they allow the coexistence on the same host species of different pathogen populations separated in space and/or time. Indeed, ecological differences that lead to niche partitioning can occur in three basic ways: resource partitioning, temporal niche partitioning, and spatial niche partitioning (4, 14, 36). For plant-pathogenic species able to exploit the same host, separation in space and/or time mi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single, Plastic Population of Mycosphaerella pinodes Causes Ascochyta Blight on Winter and Spring Peas (Pisum sativum) in France

May

Guibert

Leclerc

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…These rust pathogens cause epidemics of Populus species worldwide, especially in European and North American poplar plantations. Such epidemics can lead to premature defoliation and growth loss and can be fatal for young trees after repeated epidemics (Pinon and Frey 2005;Gérard et al 2006). Consequently, Melampsora spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthetic and respiratory changes in leaves of poplar elicited by rust infection

et al. 2009

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Poplars are challenged by a wide range of pathogens during their lifespan, and have an innate immunity system that activates defence responses to restrict pathogen growth. Large-scale expression studies of poplar-rust interactions have shown concerted transcriptional changes during defence responses, as in other plant pathosystems. Detailed analysis of expression profiles of metabolic pathways in these studies indicates that photosynthesis and respiration are also important components of the poplar response to rust infection. This is consistent with our current understanding of plant pathogen interactions as defence responses impose substantive demands for resources and energy that are met by reorganization of primary metabolism. This review applies the results of poplar transcriptome analyses to current research describing how plants divert energy from plant primary metabolism for resistance mechanisms.

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“…Puccinia graminis, the causal agent of stem rust, has caused devastating epidemics wherever wheat is grown (3), and a new highly virulent strain (Ug99) threatens wheat production worldwide (4). Similarly, epidemics of poplar leaf rust, caused by Melampsora spp., is a major constraint on the development of bioenergy programs based on domesticated poplars (5) as a result of the lack of durable host resistance (6,7). Rust fungi are obligate biotrophic parasites with a complex life cycle that often includes two phylogeneticaly unrelated hosts (2).…”

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Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi

Duplessis

Cuomo

Lin

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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627

827

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Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of Melampsora laricipopulina, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of M. larici-populina with the 17,773 predicted proteins of P. graminis f. sp tritici. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters in planta suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.comparative genomics | plant pathogen | basidiomycete | evolution | rust disease

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Comparison of Genetic and Virulence Diversity ofMelampsora larici-populinaPopulations on Wild and Cultivated Poplar and Influence of the Alternate Host

Cited by 51 publications

References 43 publications

A Single, Plastic Population of Mycosphaerella pinodes Causes Ascochyta Blight on Winter and Spring Peas (Pisum sativum) in France

A Single, Plastic Population of Mycosphaerella pinodes Causes Ascochyta Blight on Winter and Spring Peas (Pisum sativum) in France

Photosynthetic and respiratory changes in leaves of poplar elicited by rust infection

Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi

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