“…Thus, the leaf biochemistry of mangrove species selected for reforestation may promote greater organic matter accumulation in sediments than that for afforestation (Supplementary Fig. 1 ) 25 , 36 .…”
Significant efforts have been invested to restore mangrove forests worldwide through reforestation and afforestation. However, blue carbon benefit has not been compared between these two silvicultural pathways at the global scale. Here, we integrated results from direct field measurements of over 370 restoration sites around the world to show that mangrove reforestation (reestablishing mangroves where they previously colonized) had a greater carbon storage potential per hectare than afforestation (establishing mangroves where not previously mangrove). Greater carbon accumulation was mainly attributed to favorable intertidal positioning, higher nitrogen availability, and lower salinity at most reforestation sites. Reforestation of all physically feasible areas in the deforested mangrove regions of the world could promote the uptake of 671.5–688.8 Tg CO2-eq globally over a 40-year period, 60% more than afforesting the same global area on tidal flats (more marginal sites). Along with avoiding conflicts of habitat conversion, mangrove reforestation should be given priority when designing nature-based solutions for mitigating global climate change.
“…Thus, the leaf biochemistry of mangrove species selected for reforestation may promote greater organic matter accumulation in sediments than that for afforestation (Supplementary Fig. 1 ) 25 , 36 .…”
Significant efforts have been invested to restore mangrove forests worldwide through reforestation and afforestation. However, blue carbon benefit has not been compared between these two silvicultural pathways at the global scale. Here, we integrated results from direct field measurements of over 370 restoration sites around the world to show that mangrove reforestation (reestablishing mangroves where they previously colonized) had a greater carbon storage potential per hectare than afforestation (establishing mangroves where not previously mangrove). Greater carbon accumulation was mainly attributed to favorable intertidal positioning, higher nitrogen availability, and lower salinity at most reforestation sites. Reforestation of all physically feasible areas in the deforested mangrove regions of the world could promote the uptake of 671.5–688.8 Tg CO2-eq globally over a 40-year period, 60% more than afforesting the same global area on tidal flats (more marginal sites). Along with avoiding conflicts of habitat conversion, mangrove reforestation should be given priority when designing nature-based solutions for mitigating global climate change.
“…The vertical carbon accumulation in mangroves, such as the net primary productivity and biomass, carbon stocks, and storage rates between species or communities, has been frequently reported in previous studies (Donato et al, 2011;Alongi, 2014;Feng et al, 2017;Kamruzzaman et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2021). It has been found that the vertical carbon sink formed by a mangrove forest can export half of its detritus to the adjacent water environment, accounting for 10%-11% of the total carbon (Odum and Heald, 1975;Alongi, 2014), and thus, it appears to be a lateral carbon source.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 71%
“…This potential remobilization of sediments was observed to have a maximum velocity of 1 m/s, which is fast enough to exceed the threshold for the erosion of the sediments, resulting in an increase in the POC content. In addition, the vegetated tidal area (i.e., mangrove, S. alterniflora) had the maximum POC contents of 3.8 mg/L, which demonstrates the increase in the carbon storage capacity due to the interception and deposition of exogenous carbon (Li and Gao, 2013;Jiang et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021). In the dry season, the maximum POC content occurred in the upper reaches of Creek 1 (N1) (1.74 mg/L), but no seasonal difference was observed (p< 0.05).…”
Section: Carbon Dynamics In the Two Creeks In Zhangjiang Estuarymentioning
The lateral carbon export related to mangroves is of great scientific significance and ecological value in the global carbon cycle. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and stable isotopes (δ13CPOC) of water samples were quantified in the flood (September 2020) and dry (January 2021) seasons in Zhangjiang Estuary. The results revealed that the carbon compositions in the tidal channel of the Zhangjiang Estuary are as follows: DIC > DOC > POC in both seasons. Except for the POC in the site near the sluice, the contents of all carbon compositions were significantly larger in the flood season than those in the dry season (p< 0.05). In the flood season, the POC and DOC exhibited similar spatial characteristics that all sites from the lower sites to the mouth were significantly larger than the site near the sluice. The DIC had an increasing trend from the upper site to the mouth. In the dry season, DIC and DOC displayed patchy distribution under the influence of mariculture and the sluice, while the POC had a decreasing trend from the upper site to the mouth. The MixSIAR model indicates that the source of the POC is overwhelmingly the mariculture, averagely accounting for 42.7% in the flood season and 52.6% in the dry season, mainly in the form of microalgae. The average contribution of mangrove to POC was 33.1% in the flood season and 39.3% in the dry season. The DIC-δ13CPOC and DOC-POC relationships represent the biogeochemical process of microbial photosynthesis and the physical process of adsorption-desorption of organic carbon by redundancy analysis, respectively. This initial dataset for this region should be included in other studies to improve the mangrove outwelling estimate.
“… Figure 3 Relationship between the age of young mangrove plantations (years) along the coastal fringe and their aboveground biomass (Mg C ha −1 ± SD). The data are based on the studies of Cameron et al 29 (including secondary citations for review data), Cuc & Hien 15 , Phan et al 30 , Uddin et al 17 , Yu et al 14 and Zhang et al 31 , as well as the present study (red circles). Tree carbon was calculated by multiplying biomass by a factor of 0.48 for the dry weight–based biomass data, including our own data.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, Cameron et al 29 compared C stocks in restored mangroves at two contrasting sites in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and revealed that a site with deep muds and silty substrates promote higher rates of biomass compared with a site with coastal fringing and oceanic sites. Therefore, we additionally examined the AGB in various stand ages of young plantations (aged < 30 years) at only coastal fringing and oceanic sites, based on data from Cameron et al 29 and recent findings 14 , 15 , 17 , 30 , 31 . The AGB (Mg C ha −1 ) of mangrove plantations significantly increased with age ( r 2 = 0.87, p < 0.001), and AGB values of our study sites were relatively high (Fig.…”
Around one-third of the world’s most carbon-rich ecosystems, mangrove forests, have already been destroyed in Thailand owing to coastal development and aquaculture. Improving these degraded areas through mangrove plantations can restore various coastal ecosystem services, including CO2 absorption and protection against wave action. This study examines the biomass of three coastal mangrove plantations (Avicennia alba) of different ages in Samut Prakarn province, Central Thailand. Our aim was to understand the forest biomass recovery during the early stages of development, particularly fine root biomass expansion. In the chronosequence of the mangrove plantations, woody biomass increased by 40% over four years from 79.7 ± 11.2 Mg C ha-1 to 111.7 ± 12.3 Mg C ha−1. Fine root biomass up to a depth of 100 cm was 4.47 ± 0.33 Mg C ha−1, 4.24 ± 0.63 Mg C ha−1, and 6.92 ± 0.32 Mg C ha−1 at 10, 12, and 14 year-old sites, respectively. Remarkably, the fine root biomass of 14-year-old site was significantly higher than those of the younger sites due to increase of the biomass at 15–30 cm and 30–50 cm depths. Our findings reveal that the biomass recovery in developing mangrove plantations exhibit rapid expansion of fine roots in deeper soil layers.
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