Comparison of extracting solutions for elemental fractionation in airborne particulate matter

Canepari, Silvia; Astolfi, Maria Luisa; Moretti, Simone; Curini, Roberta

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2010.05.068

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The selection of applied reagents includes pure water as well as aqueous solutions of salts or chelating Responsible editor: Gerhard Lammel agents, different buffer solutions, and various synthetic body fluids (Costa and Dreher 1997;Artelt et al 1998;Wang et al 2002;Smichowski et al 2005;Turner and Ip 2007;Falta et al 2008;Canepari et al 2010;Mukhtar and Limbeck 2011;Caboche et al 2011;Wiseman and Zereini 2014). Although water, weak acids, buffers, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The suitability of extraction solutions to assess bioaccessible trace metal fractions in airborne particulate matter: a comparison of common leaching agents

Mukhtar

Mohr

Limbeck

2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The determination of bioaccessible metal concentrations and/or fractions is a prerequisite for reliable assessment of the hazardous potential of toxic trace metals present in airborne particulate matter (APM). For this purpose, the use of various leaching agents has been reported in literature. The applied reagents reveal severe differences in composition. Therefore, variations in the amounts of trace metals released from APM samples could be expected with the use of these agents, hampering comparison of literature data. In this work, bioaccessible metal fractions were determined in PM10 samples from Graz, Austria, and Karachi, Pakistan, using synthetic gastric juice (SGJ), artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), Gamble's solution, aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium citrate, and water for sample extraction. Investigated trace metals showed distinct differences in extractable fractions for the same extractant. For example, bioaccessible contents ranged from 34.8 ± 13.3% for Ni (n = 12) to 77.9 ± 14.8% for Cd (n = 12) when SGJ was used for extraction. Furthermore, extraction yields for the applied leaching agents were determined, indicating for all investigated elements two to four times more efficient extraction with SGJ, ammonium citrate buffer, and ALF as compared to water and simple inorganic salt solutions, indicating that ammonium citrate buffer could be used as an alternative for synthetic body fluids with rather complex composition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The suitability of extraction solutions to assess bioaccessible trace metal fractions in airborne particulate matter: a comparison of common leaching agents

Mukhtar

Mohr

Limbeck

2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Moreover, from ICP-MS analyses, elements typically attributed to anthropogenic emissions, such as Cd, Sb, Mo, Pb and Cr, appeared in higher concentrations compared to the subsequent days. Such elements were mainly present in the fine and soluble fraction of PM, as is typical of anthropogenic emissions (Canepari et al, 2010).…”

Section: Case 2: 18-20 May 2010mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…This soluble fraction, compared to the total element determination, provides more information about the environmental and biological availability of the element and allows obtaining a higher selectivity as source tracer (Canepari et al, 2010), the soluble fraction being mostly associated with combustion sources and the insoluble one to crustal contributions. Finally, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were analysed by a thermooptical transmission analyser (Sunset Laboratory Inc., OR, USA) using a NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) quartz thermal protocol (Perrino et al, 2007).…”

Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ physical and chemical characterisation of the Eyjafjallajökull aerosol plume in the free troposphere over Italy

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Continuous measurements of physical and chemical properties at the Mt. Cimone (Italy) GAW-WMO (Global Atmosphere Watch, World Meteorological Organization) Global Station (2165 m a.s.l.) have allowed the detection of the volcanic aerosol plume resulting from the Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) eruption of spring 2010. The event affected the Mt. Cimone site after a transport over a distance of more than 3000 km. Two main transport episodes were detected during the eruption period, showing a volcanic fingerprint discernible against the free tropospheric background conditions typical of the site, the first from April 19 to 21 and the second from 18 to 20 May 2010. This paper reports the modification of aerosol characteristics observed during the two episodes, both characterised by an abrupt increase in fine and, especially, coarse mode particle number.Analysis of major, minor and trace elements by different analytical techniques (ionic chromatography, particle induced X-ray emission-particle induced gamma-ray emission (PIXE-PIGE) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) were performed on aerosols collected by ground-level discrete sampling. The resulting database allows the characterisation of aerosol chemical composition during the volcanic plume transport and in background conditions. During the passage of the volcanic plume, the fine fraction was dominated by sulphates, denoting the secondary origin of this mode, mainly resulting from in-plume oxidation of volcanic SO 2 . By contrast, the coarse fraction was characterised by increased concentration of numerous elements of crustal origin, such as Fe, Ti, Mn, Ca, Na, and Mg, which enter the composition of silicate minerals. Data analysis of selected elements (Ti, Al, Fe, Mn) allowed the estimation of the volcanic plume's contribution to total PM 10 , resulting in a local enhancement of up to 9.5 µg m −3 , i.e. 40 % of total PM 10 on 18 May, which was the most intense of the two episodes. These results appear significant, especially in light of the huge distance of Mt. Cimone from the source, confirming the widespread diffusion of the Eyjafjallajökull ashes over Europe.

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“…The use of an elemental fractionation methodology allows the improvement of the selectivity of most elements as source tracers, by discriminating combustive from mechanicalabrasive sources (Canepari et al, 2008, Canepari et al, 2009b, Canepari et al, 2010. In particular, the processed elements were chosen according to the results reported in Canepari et al (2014), in which the dimensional distributions and solubility of the elements in the monitored area were examined in detail: it was discovered that the extractable fractions of As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Fe, Sb, Tl, V, Zn are generated by combustion sources in the fine particles, while the residual fraction of Ba, Cu, Fe, Sb, Mn, Ti are released as coarse particles by mechanical-abrasive sources.…”

Section: Pmf Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, additional improvements can be obtained by performing a chemical fractionation based on elemental solubility. The different solubility of the elements depends on the chemical form in which they are present and can be a useful indicator of their emission source, bio-accessibility and environmental mobility (Smichowsski et al, 2005;Canepari et al, 2006a;Canepari et al, 2010). In this context the combination of a chemical fractionation methodology together with a receptor model could be beneficial in identification of the PM sources within highly polluted areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of PM in an Industrial Area: Comparison between Receptor Model Results and Semiempirical Calculations of Source Contributions

Farao

Canepari

Perrino

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Source apportionment of PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples collected in an industrial area of the Po Valley was performed by using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model and a semiempirical calculation of five macro-source contributions. Samples were collected during four monitoring periods, January-February 2011, June 2012, January-February 2012, May-June 2012, resulting in a total of 720 samples (360 for PM 10 and 360 for PM 2.5 ). PMF variables included major elements, ions, elemental carbon and organic compounds and minor and trace elements. In order to increase the selectivity of minor and trace elements as source tracers, a chemical fractionation methodology based on the elemental solubility was employed; it was thus possible to include the extractable, the residual or both thefractions of the minor and trace elements in the database.PMF resolved six factors for PM 10 (crustal matter, marine aerosol, industry, secondary/oil combustion, secondary nitrate/biomass burning/exhaust particles, brake/tyre wear/re-suspended road dust) and seven factors for PM 2.5 (crustal matter, marine aerosol, industry, secondary nitrate, biomass burning, other secondary components, secondary sulphate/oil combustion). Mixing properties of the lower atmosphere were monitored by using natural radioactivity. The lack in the separation of some sources was shown to be due to their co-variation during periods of high atmospheric stability in the cold months. Seasonal variations of the source contributions were evaluated and discussed.PMF results were compared with those obtained by a semiempirical calculation method in which analytical results are grouped into five macro-sources (crustal matter, marine aerosol, secondary inorganic compounds, combustion products from vehicular emissions and organics). Although similar trends in the temporal variation of the main PM sources were obtained, the absolute magnitude of the concentrations varied in some cases, especially for crustal matter and marine aerosol sources.

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Comparison of extracting solutions for elemental fractionation in airborne particulate matter

Cited by 45 publications

References 46 publications

The suitability of extraction solutions to assess bioaccessible trace metal fractions in airborne particulate matter: a comparison of common leaching agents

The suitability of extraction solutions to assess bioaccessible trace metal fractions in airborne particulate matter: a comparison of common leaching agents

In situ physical and chemical characterisation of the Eyjafjallajökull aerosol plume in the free troposphere over Italy

Sources of PM in an Industrial Area: Comparison between Receptor Model Results and Semiempirical Calculations of Source Contributions

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