Resists, underlayers, and new rinse processes were evaluated for negative tone development (NTD) using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. The most recently developed resists show resolution and sensitivity improvements. High remaining-film thickness was also achieved for better etching resistance. The underlayers smoothed the line width roughness (LWR) and prevented pattern collapse. In addition, the proposed NTD-compatible rinse process further assisted to prevent pattern collapse. The best NTD performance at EIDEC till date was achieved: 22 nm line and space (L/S) resolution, 5.4 nm LWR, and 16.8 mJ/cm 2 sensitivity with annular illumination for a small-field exposure tool (SFET). Furthermore, an ultimate resolution of 17 nm L/S was achieved with x-dipole illumination of SFET. The lithographic performance of the best NTD resist is comparable to the typical positive tone development resist.