Abstract:Background:Conventional placement of a wireless esophageal pH monitoring device in the esophagus requires initial endoscopy to determine the distance to the gastroesophageal junction. Blind placement of the capsule by the Bravo delivery system is followed by repeat endoscopy to confirm placement. Alternatively, the capsule can be placed under direct vision during endoscopy. Currently there are no published data comparing the efficiency of one method over the other. The objective of this study was to compare th… Show more
“…Although conventional placement of the BRAVO™-capsule is done after removal of the endoscope, we used direct endoscopic guidance to place the two capsules. Direct placement avoids a repeated endoscopy to confirm the placement of the capsule and is associated with shorter procedure time and less discomfort for the patients [ 8 , 12 , 19 ]. An acute angulation of the gastric tube imposed some difficulties in advancing the capsule distally through the pylorus, and the use of an endoscopic snare was very helpful.…”
IntroductionBariatric procedures result in massive weight loss, however, not without side effects. Gastric acid is known to cause marginal ulcers, situated in the small bowel just distal to the upper anastomosis. We have used the wireless BRAVO™ system to study the buffering effect of the duodenal bulb in duodenal switch (DS), a procedure in which the gastric sleeve produces a substantial amount of acid.MethodsWe placed a pre- and a postpyloric pH capsule in 15 DS-patients (seven men, 44 years, BMI 33) under endoscopic guidance and verified the correct location by fluoroscopy. Patients were asked to eat and drink at their leisure, and to register their meals for the next 24 h.ResultsAll capsules but one could be successfully placed, without complications. Total registration time was 17.2 (1.3–24) hours prepyloric and 23.1 (1.2–24) hours postpyloric, with a corresponding pH of 2.66 (1.74–5.81) and 5.79 (4.75–7.58), p < 0.01. The difference in pH between the two locations was reduced from 3.55 before meals to 1.82 during meals, p < 0.01. Percentage of time with pH < 4 was 70.0 (19.9–92.0) and 13.0 (0.0–34.6) pre and postpylorically, demonstrating a large buffering effect.ConclusionBy this wireless pH-metric technique, we could demonstrate that the duodenal bulb had a large buffering effect, thus counteracting the large amount of gastric acid passing into the small bowel after duodenal switch. This physiologic effect could explain the low incidence of stomal ulcers.
“…Although conventional placement of the BRAVO™-capsule is done after removal of the endoscope, we used direct endoscopic guidance to place the two capsules. Direct placement avoids a repeated endoscopy to confirm the placement of the capsule and is associated with shorter procedure time and less discomfort for the patients [ 8 , 12 , 19 ]. An acute angulation of the gastric tube imposed some difficulties in advancing the capsule distally through the pylorus, and the use of an endoscopic snare was very helpful.…”
IntroductionBariatric procedures result in massive weight loss, however, not without side effects. Gastric acid is known to cause marginal ulcers, situated in the small bowel just distal to the upper anastomosis. We have used the wireless BRAVO™ system to study the buffering effect of the duodenal bulb in duodenal switch (DS), a procedure in which the gastric sleeve produces a substantial amount of acid.MethodsWe placed a pre- and a postpyloric pH capsule in 15 DS-patients (seven men, 44 years, BMI 33) under endoscopic guidance and verified the correct location by fluoroscopy. Patients were asked to eat and drink at their leisure, and to register their meals for the next 24 h.ResultsAll capsules but one could be successfully placed, without complications. Total registration time was 17.2 (1.3–24) hours prepyloric and 23.1 (1.2–24) hours postpyloric, with a corresponding pH of 2.66 (1.74–5.81) and 5.79 (4.75–7.58), p < 0.01. The difference in pH between the two locations was reduced from 3.55 before meals to 1.82 during meals, p < 0.01. Percentage of time with pH < 4 was 70.0 (19.9–92.0) and 13.0 (0.0–34.6) pre and postpylorically, demonstrating a large buffering effect.ConclusionBy this wireless pH-metric technique, we could demonstrate that the duodenal bulb had a large buffering effect, thus counteracting the large amount of gastric acid passing into the small bowel after duodenal switch. This physiologic effect could explain the low incidence of stomal ulcers.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a disease predominantly seen in the West but there is a rising trend in Asia. Ambulatory 24-hour catheter-based pH monitoring has been the de facto gold standard test for GERD that correlates symptoms with acid reflux episodes. However, drawbacks such as patients' discomfort, and catheter displacement render the test as cumbersome and errorprone. The Bravo pH wireless system is designed to be user-friendly and has an added advantage of prolonged pH monitoring. The system is comparable to the catheter-based pH monitoring system in terms of diagnostic yield and symptom-reflux association. Indications include evaluation of patients with refractory GERD symptoms and prior to anti-reflux surgery. Bravo utilizes a wireless pH-sensing capsule with a complete prepackaged system, and a data processing software. The capsule may be positioned indirectly using endoscopic or manometric landmarks or under direct endoscopic guidance. Optimal threshold cut-off values are yet to be standardized but based on available studies, for the Asian population, it may be recommended for total % time pH < 4 of 5.8 over 48 hours. Cost is a limitation but capsule placement is relatively safe although technical failures may be seen in small percentage of cases.
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