Comparison of Emotional and Behavioral Regulation Between Metopic and Sagittal Synostosis

Abstract

Purpose Children with surgically corrected nonsyndromic craniosynostosis have been previously found to have neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties. Children with metopic synostosis have been described to have more difficulties than children with sagittal synostosis. This study aims to characterize the behavioral differences between children with metopic and sagittal synostosis. Methods Children with metopic and sagittal synostosis were recruited at school age. Parents completed 4 separated behavioral assessments: Conners-3 (evaluation of ADHD), Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2: evaluation of autism), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF-2: evaluation of executive function), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL: evaluation of overall behavioral problems). Children underwent intelligence quotient (IQ) testing using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II). Results There were 91 children (45 with metopic and 46 with sagittal synostosis). More children with metopic synostosis reported requiring supportive services (57.7% vs 34.7%, p=0.02) and more reached or exceeded borderline clinical levels of two executive function subscales of the BRIEF-2 (emotion regulation index: 33.3% vs 17.4%, p=0.05; global executive composite: 33.3% vs 17.4%, p=0.05). Children with sagittal synostosis had higher scores on the rule-breaking and externalizing problem subscales of the CBCL. Increasing age at surgery was associated with worse executive function scores. Conclusions A relationship between suture subtype and behavioral outcomes exists at school age. More children with metopic synostosis required social services indicating more overall difficulties. Children with metopic synostosis have more specific problems with executive function, while children with sagittal synostosis had more difficulties with externalizing behaviors.