Comparison Of Em Systems At The Western Michigan University Geophysical Test Site

Bailey, Justin M.; Sauck, William A.

doi:10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.200.2000_130

Cited by 1 publication

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“…The dramatic seabed conductivity increase near mangroves is easily detectable with EM‐31. Anomalous EM‐31 readings are expected to extend a few meters beyond the zone of elevated pore water conductivities because mangrove‐root soil salinization may have an EM‐31 lateral detection limit similar to that of shallow, buried metallic targets such as steel drums and unexploded ordnance (Bailey and Sauck 2000; Greenwood 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dramatic seabed conductivity increase near mangroves is easily detectable with EM-31. Anomalous EM-31 readings are expected to extend a few meters beyond the zone of elevated pore water conductivities because mangrove-root soil salinization may have an EM-31 lateral detection limit similar to that of shallow, buried metallic targets such as steel drums and unexploded ordnance (Bailey and Sauck 2000;Greenwood 2004). Figure 6 shows a combined marine and land EM-31 VMD transect across a grass-covered upland area, through a 10-m-wide line of red mangroves and out into~1-mdeep saline water (Figure 1, Bishop Harbor).…”

Section: Effects Of Mangroves On Pore Water Conductivitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extending Electromagnetic Methods to Map Coastal Pore Water Salinities

Greenwood¹,

Kruse

Swarzenski

2005

Groundwater

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The feasibility of mapping pore water salinity based on surface electromagnetic (EM) methods over land and shallow marine water is examined in a coastal wetland on Tampa Bay, Florida. Forward models predict that useful information on seabed conductivity can be obtained through <1.5 m of saline water, using floating EM-31 and EM-34 instruments from Geonics Ltd. The EM-31 functioned as predicted when compared against resistivity soundings and pore water samples and proved valuable for profiling in otherwise inaccessible terrain due to its relatively small size. Experiments with the EM-34 in marine water, however, did not reproduce the theoretical instrument response. The most effective technique for predicting pore water conductivities based on EM data entailed (1) computing formation factors from resistivity surveys and pore water samples at representative sites and (2) combining these formation factors with onshore and offshore EM-31 readings for broader spatial coverage. This method proved successful for imaging zones of elevated pore water conductivities/salinities associated with mangrove forests, presumably caused by salt water exclusion by mangrove roots. These zones extend 5 to 10 m seaward from mangrove trunks fringing Tampa Bay. Modeling indicates that EM-31 measurements lack the resolution necessary to image the subtle pore water conductivity variations expected in association with diffuse submarine ground water discharge of fresher water in the marine water of Tampa Bay. The technique has potential for locating high-contrast zones and other pore water salinity anomalies in areas not accessible to conventional marine- or land-based resistivity arrays and hence may be useful for studies of coastal-wetland ecosystems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Mangroves On Pore Water Conductivitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%