Comparison of electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for multi-residue analysis of biocides, UV-filters and benzothiazoles in aqueous matrices and activated sludge by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Triclosan as a surrogate for household biocides: An investigation into biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region

“…The concentrations of biocides in surface water are given in Tables S8eS10. For azole fungicides, fluconazole, climbazole, miconazole and carbendazim were detected at the mean concentrations of 45.8, 74.8, 4.92 and 29.6 ng/L, which are in the same order of magnitude to those in the Mankyung River, Pearl River and the w a t e r r e s e a r c h 5 8 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 2 6 9 e2 7 9 tributaries of Main River, respectively (Huang et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2009;Wick et al, 2010). As an insect repellent, DEET was found with a detection frequency of 93% at the maximum and mean concentrations of 464 AE 85.4 and 55.5 ng/L, demonstrating its wide use in this subtropical region.…”

“…Triclosan originated from household wastewater is found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment both in surface water and sediment, indicating that the concentration data for triclosan in surface water and sediment are readily available (Kolpin et al, 2002;Wick et al, 2010;Zhao et al, 2010Zhao et al, , 2013. The Log K ow and Log K oc values for triclosan are 4.76 and 4.37 (Tables S2), which give moderate partition between water and sediment phases.…”

“…Various biocides have been detected in STP effluents, surface water and sediment (Aronson et al, 2012;Zhao et al, 2010). For example, the maximum reported levels in STP effluents were 443 ng/L for climbazole, 3700 ng/L for N,Ndiethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), 112 ng/L for methylparaben, 2700 ng/L for triclosan and 342 ng/L for triclocarban (Blanco et al, 2009;Lee and Rasmussen, 2006;McAvoy et al, 2002;Wick et al, 2010;Zhao et al, 2010). Mainly due to the discharge of domestic wastewater, biocides were also found in surface water and sediment, with the maximum levels of up to 5160 ng/L for triclosan in surface water and 2633 ng/g for triclocarban in sediment (Ramaswamy et al, 2011;Zhao et al, 2010).…”

Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China

“…After use, most of the PCPs containing TCS are washed down the drain and discharged into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with its reported removal efficiencies of 57-99 % (Bester 2005;Halden 2014;Samaras et al 2013;Singer et al 2002;Thomas and Foster 2005;Wick et al 2010;, and eventually into the receiving aquatic environment (Halden 2014). The large consumption for TCS has promoted it to be ranked in the list of top contaminants of concern worldwide (von der Ohe et al 2012).…”

Photochemical processes involving the UV absorber benzophenone-4 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulphonic acid) in aqueous solution: Reaction pathways and implications for surface waters

“…It can reach surface waters directly from skin washing and from incomplete degradation in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (Fent et al, 2010). BP-4 undergoes some degradation in WWTPs, but incomplete removal combined with elevated concentration values in the influent causes significant emission by WWTPs into surface waters (Wick et al, 2010). Incomplete removal of BP-4 in WWTPs suggests that this compound might undergo limited biodegradation in water bodies.…”