Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models

Bahl, Vasundhra; Lin, Sabrina; Xu, Nicole Y; Davis, Barbara; Wang, Yuhuan; Talbot, Prue

doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.001

Cited by 340 publications

(405 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Whilst E‐cigarettes are a relatively new product on the market, many papers now show that they too have toxic effects on a range of cells (Bahl et al. 2012; McGrath‐Morrow et al. 2015; El Golli et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phagocytosis and Inflammation: Exploring the effects of the components of E-cigarette vapor on macrophages

et al. 2017

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E‐cigarettes are perceived as harmless; however, evidence of their safety is lacking. New data suggests E‐cigarettes discharge a range of compounds capable of physiological damage to users. We previously established that cigarette smoke caused defective alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. The present study compared the effect E‐cigarette of components; E‐liquid flavors, nicotine, vegetable glycerine, and propylene glycol on phagocytosis, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and phagocytic recognition molecule expression using differentiated THP‐1 macrophages. Similar to CSE, phagocytosis of NTHi bacteria was significantly decreased by E‐liquid flavoring (11.65–15.75%) versus control (27.01%). Nicotine also decreased phagocytosis (15.26%). E‐liquid, nicotine, and E‐liquid+ nicotine reduced phagocytic recognition molecules; SR‐A1 and TLR‐2. IL‐8 secretion increased with flavor and nicotine, while TNF α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, and MCP‐1 decreased after exposure to most flavors and nicotine. PG, VG, or PG:VG mix also induced a decrease in MIP‐1α and MIP‐1β. We conclude that E‐cigarettes can cause macrophage phagocytic dysfunction, expression of phagocytic recognition receptors and cytokine secretion pathways. As such, E‐cigarettes should be treated with caution by users, especially those who are nonsmokers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect is non‐nicotine dependent, and there has been particular interest in certain flavors including tobacco, cherry, and cinnamon, that have been shown to be more toxic than others (Bahl et al. 2012; Behar et al. 2014; Kosmider et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phagocytosis and Inflammation: Exploring the effects of the components of E-cigarette vapor on macrophages

et al. 2017

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“…ENDS solutions have also been shown to be cytotoxic to human embryonic stem cells. 40 These studies raise concern for harm from in utero exposure and neonatal exposure to nicotinecontaining ENDS solution.…”

Section: Ends Secondhand and Thirdhand Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Etzel¹,

Wilson²,

Balk³

et al. 2015

Pediatrics

106

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Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are rapidly growing in popularity among youth. ENDS are handheld devices that produce an aerosolized mixture from a solution typically containing concentrated nicotine, flavoring chemicals, and propylene glycol to be inhaled by the user. ENDS are marketed under a variety of names, most commonly electronic cigarettes and e-cigarettes. In 2014, more youth reported using ENDS than any other tobacco product. ENDS pose health risks to both users and nonusers. Nicotine, the major psychoactive ingredient in ENDS solutions, is both highly addictive and toxic. In addition to nicotine, other toxicants, carcinogens, and metal particles have been detected in solutions and aerosols of ENDS. Nonusers are involuntarily exposed to the emissions of these devices with secondhand and thirdhand aerosol. The concentrated and often flavored nicotine in ENDS solutions poses a poisoning risk for young children. Reports of acute nicotine toxicity from US poison control centers have been increasing, with at least 1 child death reported from unintentional exposure to a nicotine-containing ENDS solution. With flavors, design, and marketing that appeal to youth, ENDS threaten to renormalize and glamorize nicotine and tobacco product use. There is a critical need for ENDS regulation, legislative action, and counter promotion to protect youth. ENDS have the potential to addict a new generation of youth to nicotine and reverse more than 50 years of progress in tobacco control. DEFINITIONS• Secondhand aerosol: emissions from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) that are discharged into the surrounding environment with ENDS use, both directly from the ENDS and exhaled from the lungs of the user.• Thirdhand aerosol: ENDS emissions that remain on surfaces and in dust after ENDS use, which can be reemitted into the gas phase or react with oxidants in the environment to yield secondary pollutants.

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“…In fact, the Flavors and Extracts Manufacturers' Association (FEMA) has issued an official statement mentioning that flavor ingredients are evaluated for exposure through ingestion only; thus, any results cannot be extrapolated to use through inhalation. 5 Studies have shown that any cytotoxic properties of e-cigarette liquids and aerosol, although significantly lower than tobacco smoke, may be attributed to specific flavors, [6][7][8] indicating that further research is certainly needed in this area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosol for the Presence of Selected Inhalation Toxins

Farsalinos

Kistler

Gillman

et al. 2014

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

271

217

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sweet-flavored electronic cigarette (EC) liquids for the presence of diacetyl (DA) and acetyl propionyl (AP), which are chemicals approved for food use but are associated with respiratory disease when inhaled. Methods: In total, 159 samples were purchased from 36 manufacturers and retailers in 7 countries. Additionally, 3 liquids were prepared by dissolving a concentrated flavor sample of known DA and AP levels at 5%, 10%, and 20% concentration in a mixture of propylene glycol and glycerol. Aerosol produced by an EC was analyzed to determine the concentration of DA and AP. Results: DA and AP were found in 74.2% of the samples, with more samples containing DA. Similar concentrations were found in liquid and aerosol for both chemicals. The median daily exposure levels were 56 μg/day (IQR: 26-278 μg/day) for DA and 91 μg/day (IQR: 20-432 μg/day) for AP. They were slightly lower than the strict NIOSH-defined safety limits for occupational exposure and 100 and 10 times lower compared with smoking respectively; however, 47.3% of DA and 41.5% of AP-containing samples exposed consumers to levels higher than the safety limits. Conclusions: DA and AP were found in a large proportion of sweet-flavored EC liquids, with many of them exposing users to higher than safety levels. Their presence in EC liquids represents an avoidable risk. Proper measures should be taken by EC liquid manufacturers and flavoring suppliers to eliminate these hazards from the products without necessarily limiting the availability of sweet flavors.

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Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models

Cited by 340 publications

References 23 publications

Phagocytosis and Inflammation: Exploring the effects of the components of E-cigarette vapor on macrophages

Phagocytosis and Inflammation: Exploring the effects of the components of E-cigarette vapor on macrophages

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosol for the Presence of Selected Inhalation Toxins

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