Comparison of electrically induced flare response patterns in human and pig skin

Dusch, M.; Schley, Marcus; Obreja, Otilia; Forsch, Elmar; Schmelz, Martin; Rukwied, Roman

doi:10.1007/s00011-009-0029-3

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Pigskin closely resembles human skin in its nociceptive and physical properties and therefore can be used for translational nociceptor research. 12 In the animal experiment that had been running before and that was unrelated to our testing, the skin had been examined with nociceptive stimuli at an area remote to the test site.…”

Section: Pilot Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel human surrogate model of noninjurious sharp mechanical pain

Shabes

Schloss

Magerl

et al. 2016

Pain

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We propose a blade as a noninjurious nociceptive stimulus modeling sharp mechanical pain and yielding acute pain and hyperalgesia responses with closer proximity to incision-induced pain/hyperalgesia than punctate or blunt pressure mechanical pain models. Twenty-six healthy men and women were investigated to compare a small incision in the left forearm with noninvasive stimuli of different shapes and modalities to the right forearm. The magnitude and time course of incisional and blade-induced pain were assessed by numerical rating scales. Affective vs sensory components of pain experience were differentiated using a pain sensation questionnaire. The magnitude and time course of the axon reflex vasodilator response and of secondary hyperalgesia following a 7-second blade application were assessed. The maximum blade or incisional pain was similar (visual analogue scale [mean ± SD]: 32.9 ± 22.5 [blade] vs. 33.6 ± 29.8 [incision]), and both time courses matched closely in the first 10 seconds (paired t test; P = 0.5-1.0), whereas incision but not blade was followed by a second phase of pain, probably related to the tissue injury (decrease to half maximum pain 8 ± 2 vs. 33 ± 35 seconds; P < 0.01). Affective pain scores were significantly lower than sensory scores for all stimuli (P < 0.001). Comparing blade and incision, patterns of affective and sensory pain descriptors exhibited a remarkably similar pattern. Hence, we suggest the blade as novel model of sharp mechanical pain, which will be useful in investigating postoperative/mechanical pain and the role of self-injurious behavior in, eg, patients with borderline personality disorder.

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Section: Pilot Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel human surrogate model of noninjurious sharp mechanical pain

Shabes

Schloss

Magerl

et al. 2016

Pain

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“…A reduction of erythema over time may be attributed to a depletion of vasodilatory peptides during repetitive stimulation, causing emptied vesicle stores. A facilitated neuropeptide evacuation has been suggested before upon continuous and 30‐min pig nociceptor activation, revealing a reduction of erythema to baseline conditions within 20 min of stimulation (Dusch et al, 2009). In addition, the extent of reduced erythema over time also may depend on the capacity of vesicle replenishment, which appeared to be triggered by the intensity of acute nociceptor activation, thereby determining the initial neuropeptide release.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Nerve growth factor‐evoked nociceptor sensitization in pig skin in vivo

Rukwied

Schley

Forsch

et al. 2010

J of Neuroscience Research

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Peripheral sensitization of skin nociceptors by nerve growth factor (NGF) was explored in pig skin in vivo. As an objective output measure, the area of axon-reflex-mediated erythema was assessed upon mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli delivered at 1, 3, and 7 days after i.d. injection of 1 microg NGF into the pig's back skin (n = 8). Pretreatment with NGF provoked a sensitization to mechanical (600 mN), thermal (10 sec 49 degrees C) and chemical (15 microl, pH 3) stimuli that lasted for 7 days. No sensitization, however, was found in response to weak mechanical (100 mN), weak thermal (10 sec 45 degrees C), or electrical stimuli. Irrespective of the skin pretreatment (NGF or PBS vehicle control), the area of electrically induced erythema decreased upon repetition (days 1-7) by 70% (P < 0.05). Sensitization of sensory endings by NGF upon mechanical, heat, and chemical stimuli suggests recruitment of sensory transducer molecules [e.g., TRPV1, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)]. In contrast, the gradual decrease in electrically induced erythema over 7 days might be attributable to axonal desensitization and possibly activity-dependent down-regulation of sodium channels. Thus, long-lasting sensitization processes of nociceptor endings or axonal sodium channel desensitization mechanisms can be explored in the pig as a translational experimental animal model.

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“…Two images were registered as baseline followed by histamine iontophoresis (0.5 mA, 30 s), and immediately afterwards 2 laser Doppler imagin scans of blood flow were captured to assess the histamine-induced axon reflex. Axon reflex areas were defined as pixels that increased their flux values >2 SD in the baseline scan (10). Subjects were asked to rate the intensity ofthe itch sensation on an 11 -point numerical rating scale (NRS), from 0 ("no itch") to 10 ("maximum itch imaginable") and maximum itch-ratings were recorded.…”

Section: Histamine Iontophoresismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechano-insensitive Nociceptors are Sufficient to Induce Histamine-induced Itch

Schley

Rukwied²,

Blunk³

et al. 2013

Acta Derm Venerol

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The nerve fibres underlying histamine-induced itch have not been fully elucidated. We blocked the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and mapped the skin area unresponsive to mechanical stimulation, but still sensitive to electrically induced pain. Nerve block induced significantly larger anaesthetic areas to mechanical (100 mN pin-prick, 402 ± 61 cm²; brush, 393 ± 63 cm²) and heat pain stimuli (401 ± 53 cm²) compared with electrical stimulation (352 ± 62 cm², p < 0.05), whereas the anaesthetic area tested with 260 mN (374 ± 57 cm²) did not differ significantly. Histamine was applied by iontophoresis (7.5 mC) at skin sites in which mechanical sensitivity was blocked, but electrical stimulation was still perceived 30 min after the nerve block (n = 9). In these areas iontophoresis of histamine provoked itching in 8/9 subjects with a mean maximum of 4.6 ± 1 (on an 11-point rating scale). Histamine-induced itch can thus be perceived at skin sites where input from mechano-sensitive polymodal nociceptors is blocked. In conclusion, input from mechano-insensitive nociceptors is sufficient to generate histamine-induced itch.

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Comparison of electrically induced flare response patterns in human and pig skin

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

A novel human surrogate model of noninjurious sharp mechanical pain

A novel human surrogate model of noninjurious sharp mechanical pain

Nerve growth factor‐evoked nociceptor sensitization in pig skin in vivo

Mechano-insensitive Nociceptors are Sufficient to Induce Histamine-induced Itch

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