Comparison of Effectiveness as well as Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Dimensions of Hysterosalpingo-Contrast Sonography for Diagnosis of Lesions Associated with Female Infertility

Abstract

Methods Forty subjects who underwent routine two-dimensional (2D) vaginal ultrasound, three-dimensional HyCoSy (3D-HyCoSy), and four-dimensional HyCoSy (4D-HyCoSy) examinations from January 2021 to July 2022 at the ultrasound department of Pukou Branch of Jiangsu Province Hospital were enrolled to this study. Fallopian tubal recanalization by hydrotubation (FTRH) was used as the gold standard to compare the efficacy of 2D vaginal ultrasound, 3D-HyCoSy, and 4D-HyCoSy in assessing the subjects for the presence of polyps, myomas, and other occupants in the uterine cavity or uterine adhesions. Results A total of 18 cases of uterine cavity lesions, 11 of pelvic lesions, and 11 of ovarian lesions were identified by FTRH, while 80 fallopian tubes were found in 40 patients and 71 tubal obstructions were detected by FTRH. Vaginal ultrasound assessment of uterine cavity, pelvis, ovarian lesions, and tubal obstruction was moderately consistent with FTRH (Kappa = 0.616, 0.673, 0.654, and 0.640), 3D-HyCoSy was in good agreement with FTRH (Kappa = 0.812, 0.910, 0.906, and 0.894), and 4D-HyCoSy was in good agreement with FTRH (Kappa = 0.914, 0.903, 1.000, and 0.942), with 4D-HyCoSy being in good agreement with FTRH had the highest agreement. Conclusion 4D-HyCoSy can be used as an effective tool for clinical diagnosis of female tubal obstruction infertility and provide a reference basis for the design of subsequent clinical treatment plans.

Evaluation of tubal patency based on peak injection pressure in four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography among infertile females: a preliminary study

“…However, the accuracy of 4D-HyCoSy in diagnosing partial obstruction appears relatively low ( 25 ). It is more challenging to differentiate patent tubes from partially obstructed tubes than from obstructed tubes, and this primarily relies on the experience of clinicians ( 41 - 44 ). After reviewing the scan images, we noticed instances in which fallopian tubes initially identified as being partially obstructed were later confirmed to be patent due to varying spillage from the fimbriae and periovarian diffusion with increased volume of contrast agent and injection pressure.…”

Evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography (HyCoSy): Controversies, dilemmas and considerations

“…HyCosy can be divided into low mechanical index (MI) sonosalpingography and high MI sonosalpingography according to MI. The former can be further classified into dynamic three-dimensional harmonic sonosalpingography (D3D-HS), static three-dimensional harmonic sonosalpingography (S3D-HS), and two-dimensional harmonic sonosalpingography (2D-HS), while two-dimensional fundamental sonosalpingography (2D-FS) is the main mode of the latter [ [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] ]. D3D-HS and S3D-HS are the two contrast modes which most cater to clinicians' reading habits ( Fig.…”

“…1 A and B). The female internal reproductive tracts could be sculptured by displaying positive contrast agent stereoscopically and automatically, which can significantly improve the diagnostic efficacy of HyCosy [ [17] , [21] , [22] , [23] ]. Compared with S3D-HS, the advantage of D3D-HS is it has both spatial and temporal information, which let the operators observe both sides of the fallopian tubes' trajectory dynamically and simultaneously.…”

Retracted: Comparison of Effectiveness as well as Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Dimensions of Hysterosalpingo‐Contrast Sonography for Diagnosis of Lesions Associated with Female Infertility

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”