Comparison of early maladaptive schemas between borderline personality disorder and chronic depression

Abstract

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and chronic depression (CD) are common and challenging mental disorders. Maladaptive cognitive schemas have been proposed to increase vulnerability to both disorders. In order to elucidate the role of maladaptive cognitive schemas in BPD and CD, this study compared psychiatric outpatients with BPD (N = 30) and CD (N = 30) in terms of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). The groups were compared using the Young Schema Questionnaire short form-extended (YSQ-S2-extended) and the 15D health status questionnaire. BPD patients showed higher endorsement on the majority of EMSs, poorer social functioning, and greater concurrent distress than CD patients. However, after controlling for concurrent effects of psychological distress, the groups did not differ in 14 out of the 18 EMSs. These findings point to significant similarities in maladaptive beliefs between the 2 disorders and do not support broad, specific patterns of EMSs associated with either disorder. The results highlight the need for further study of the role of maladaptive schemas in the development and treatment of chronic mental disorders.

Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: A correlational examination in a clinical population

“…The average score of all EMSs was M = 2.76, SD = 0.95 with a range of 2.33–3.42. At face validity, this seems comparable with other study outcomes using clinical populations (e.g., Flink et al, 2018, with range = 2.2–4.2; Gilbert & Daffern, 2013, with range = 2.08 – 3.46; Lee, Taylor, & Dunn, 1999, with range = 1.74 – 3.26). Descriptive statistics of PD traits are displayed in Table 2.…”

“…Antisocial PD related to mistrust/abuse, vulnerability to harm and emotional inhibition EMSs (Ball & Cecero, 2001; Özdel et al, 2015). Borderline PD was most often represented in the literature, with studies reporting relations across all 18 EMSs (Bach & Farrell, 2018; Flink et al, 2018; Hulbert, Jennings, Jackson, & Chanen, 2011; Jovev & Jackson, 2004; Lawrence, Allen, & Chanen, 2011; Meyer, Leung, Feary, & Mann, 2001; Nilsson, Jørgensen, Straarup, & Licht, 2010). Narcissistic PD was found to relate to entitlement EMS across studies (Carr & Francis, 2010; Reeves & Taylor, 2007; Zeigler‐Hill, Green, Arnau, Sisemore, & Myers, 2011).…”

“…Finally, there is a large variety in power and statistical analyses. Many studies for example only reported t‐ tests comparing mean EMS scores of certain PD groups versus other clinical or PD groups (Bach & Farrell, 2018; Flink et al, 2018; Hulbert et al, 2011; Jovev & Jackson, 2004) or non‐patient controls (Lawrence et al, 2011; Nilsson et al, 2010; Özdel et al, 2015). Likewise, some studies conducted cluster analysis (Petrocelli, Glasner, Calhoun, & Campbell, 2001) and path analysis (Corral & Calvete, 2014) without reporting correlations or grouped all EMSs into one omnibus outcome variable (Batool, Shehzadi, Riaz, & Riaz, 2017; Khodarahimi, 2017).…”

A Profissionalidade Docente Sob a Ótica Piagetiana: A Identidade Do Professor Em Construção

“…Segundo Balsamo et al (2015) alguns processos cognitivos, como a coruminação, provocam a piora de sintomas depressivos devido à sua capacidade de ativar esquemas desadaptativos. De fato, Flink et al (2018) mostram os esquemas desadaptativos iniciais aumentam a vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento de transtornos psicológicos, destacando-se o transtorno de personalidade borderline e a depressão crônica.…”

Internet addiction and maladaptive schemas: The potential role of disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance

“…However, EMSs are not necessarily activated at every moment (H.M. Nordahl & Thimm, 2012). Typically, EMSs are activated by unpleasant and negative situations (Barazandeh et al, 2016) which can lead to negative mood states (such as depression and anxiety), interpersonal difficulties, dysfunctional reactions and emotional disorders (Flink et al, 2018;Kunst et al, 2020).…”