Comparison of Dynamic Charge Acceptance Tests on Lead–Acid Cells for Carbon Additive Screening

Abstract

Including a certain amount of carbon in the negative active material is currently the state‐of‐the‐art method to improve the dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) of lead–acid batteries. The DCA is a key parameter of batteries used in microhybrid cars where brake energy recuperation is implemented. To find the optimal carbon additive, it is essential to test the carbon both in short‐term and long‐term tests. This work investigates the long‐term and short‐term DCA of 2 V, 2.5 Ah lead–acid cells and correlates the results with the external surface area of the carbon. Five different carbons with tailored particle size (27–633 nm) and external surface area (7.1–159.3 m2 g−1) are employed as additives in the negative electrodes. The charge acceptance of cells according to the charge acceptance test 2 (SBA), the DCA (EN) test, and the run‐in DCA test (Ford) is increased via an increase in the carbon external surface area. A correlation between the short‐term tests and the first week of the run‐in DCA test is established for the carbon impact. After several weeks of run‐in DCA test, the carbon effect is diminished and only a differentiation between high and low DCA cells is possible.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as an Analytical Tool for the Prediction of the Dynamic Charge Acceptance of Lead-Acid Batteries

“…It has been shown that innovative negative electrode technologies, such as carbon additives or organic expanders in the negative active material (NAM), allow for up to three times more stabilized DCA after several months in operation [10]. Additives substantially influence the structure of porous active materials [11]. Moreover, they influence the processing of the electrodes.…”

The Influence of Cell Size on Dynamic Charge Acceptance Tests in Laboratory Lead‐Acid Cells

“…In addition to the structural investigations that were carried out and described in Part I of this article, the influence of carbon additives on the DCA of LABs has also been investigated in another article. [27] In general, the charge acceptance values obtained from the Charge Acceptance Test 2 are higher than the ones according to the DCA EN test for all battery/cell types. This general trend can be explained by the test procedure itself.…”

“…In addition to the structural investigations that were carried out and described in Part I of this article, the influence of carbon additives on the DCA of LABs has also been investigated in another article. [ 27 ]…”

Recycling Useful Materials of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Sustainable Development

“…[114] As a shiny and soft metal that belongs to a post-transition metal group in the periodic table, Pb has a versatile application in industry. [115][116][117] The recycled Pb-containing compounds from degraded PSCs can be used not only for fabricating PSCs but also as raw materials in other industries, such as car batteries [118,119] and anodes in wastewater treatment. [120,121] In comparison with obtaining new materials through mining, transportation and smelting, recycling Pb-containing materials can greatly reduce mining waste, environmental pollution and energy consumption.…”