Comparison of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in the Mothers of Children with and without Oppositional Defiant Behaviors

Abstract

Aggressiveness and defiant behaviors are one of the most common reasons for the referral of children and adolescents to psychiatric assessments [1]. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined as a pattern comprising irritated and provocative manner, oppositional behavior, or retaliation in a child that lasts for at least six months. The main feature of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is high level of emotional reactivity and frustration intolerance.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), the prevalence rate for this disorder is reported to be between 1% to 11% and is estimated to be at an average of 3•3% [2]. In the absence of treatment, in more than a third of patients, conduct disorder will occur, especially in those with an early disorder and about 10% of the patients will eventually suffer from antisocial personality disorder [3,4].Children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and early forms of anti-social behaviors) [5] face serious problems due to incompatibilities in family relationships. Typically, in relation to their children, the families of these people are caught in negative cycles and this leads to an increase in the problems of children and their families and threatens the mental health of the whole family [3]. Findings by Evans, Sibley, Serpell [6] showed that the delinquent and oppositional behaviour of the young adolescent to parents is one of the most effective factors in caregiver strain over time. Seipp and Johnston's research [7] also suggests that children with oppositional defiant behaviors are one of the most important predictors of stress in parents. Other studies also confirm this point [8][9][10]. Some studies have pointed to the impact of the history of psychiatric disorders in parents on the prevalence of behavioral problems in children [11,12]. Children of mothers with symptoms of depression show a higher prevalence of behavioral problems than those who have non-depressed mothers [13,14]. Children of parents with bipolar disorder are also exposed to multiple psychological

Effect of Auriculotherapy on the Anxiety of Women After Cesarean Section: A Clinical Trial

“…Anxious mothers usually tend to feed their babies with artificial milk, which can cause poor growth and development of the newborn, sleep disorders, a decrease in the mother's self-efficacy, and cognitive and social interaction problems in the baby [10,11]. Weakness in child supervision and the formation of unfavorable motherchild relationships are other consequences of maternal anxiety [12,13].…”