Comparison of deep-water-parameter-based wave overtopping with wirewall field measurements and social media reports at Crosby (UK)

Analysis of Typhoon-Induced Wave Overtopping Vulnerability Due to Sea Level Rise Using a Coastal–Seawall–Terrestrial Seamless Grid System

“…Additionally, the previous study examined whether the roughness coefficient 𝛾 , which considers the characteristics of the seawall armor material, tetrapod, should be applied with smoother values of 0.63 than the default values of 0.4 provided by the EurOtop empirical formula from [1] when the freeboard decreases over time. Lashley et al [34] showed that correcting the wave For WOT during typhoon Chaba in 2016, the previous study [20] had already thoroughly demonstrated the reproducibility of the numerical model, which combined ADCIRC + SWAN + EurOtop and the processes involved. Additionally, the previous study examined whether the roughness coefficient γ f , which considers the characteristics of the seawall armor material, tetrapod, should be applied with smoother values of 0.63 than the default values of 0.4 provided by the EurOtop empirical formula from [1] when the freeboard decreases over time.…”

“…Additionally, the previous study examined whether the roughness coefficient γ f , which considers the characteristics of the seawall armor material, tetrapod, should be applied with smoother values of 0.63 than the default values of 0.4 provided by the EurOtop empirical formula from [1] when the freeboard decreases over time. Lashley et al [34] showed that correcting the wave periods at the toe of the structure calculated via SWAN using an empirical formula, as recommended by EurOtop [2], increased the estimated q by a factor of 10. Moreover, they found the adjusted roughness coefficient γ f on the stepped revetment might be applicable, although EurOtop [2] recommends the minimum and maximum friction factors (γ f ) of 0.75 and 0.9.…”

“…Even though there are many studies on WOT, as demonstrated by Lashley et al [34], many empirical overtopping formulae were developed and validated using physical model tests and numerical simulations-without actual verification in the field. Thus, it is necessary to verify the applied formulae in real situations.…”

“…However, due to the notable differences in the estimated WOT rates under various conditions, assessing the reliability of WOT in realworld scenarios remains a challenging task. Recently, Lashley et al [34] applied an efficient field measuring apparatus using wired mesh and abundant social media for WOT at Crosby, UK. The wired wall system incorporates a three-dimensional grid of vertical capacitance wires that records the length of the wires in contact with water and the speed of the water passing through the grid [34].…”

“…Recently, Lashley et al [34] applied an efficient field measuring apparatus using wired mesh and abundant social media for WOT at Crosby, UK. The wired wall system incorporates a three-dimensional grid of vertical capacitance wires that records the length of the wires in contact with water and the speed of the water passing through the grid [34]. Thus, these kinds of approaches can enhance the reliability of WOT simulations and forecasting, regardless of the analyzed approaches of WOT.…”