Comparison of Cytokines Levels Among Covid-19 Patients Living at Sea Level and High Altitude

Valle-Mendoza, J. Del; Tarazona-Castro, Y.; Merino-Luna, A.; Carrillo-Ng, H.; Kym, S.; Aguilar-Luis, M.A.; Valle, L.J. Del; Ortega, R. Aquino; Martins-Luna, J.; Peña-Tuesta, I.; Silva-Caso, W.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.138

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…26,27 Contemporary single nucleotide polymorphism and whole-genome sequencing studies have disclosed the multiple gene regions involved in this process (eg, EGLN1 ). 25,27,28 ; ii) reduction in the ACE2 receptor expression in epithelial cells due to the chronic hypoxia which could reduce the binding of the S protein of COVID-19 to host cells. 3,8,28,29 However, this claim remains speculative and needs to be confirmed 30 ; iii) living with chronic hypoxia may also boost antioxidant systems, mitochondrial function and immune capacities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Valle-Mendoza and colleagues, found that COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals living at high altitude had higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF- α) than patients/individuals living at sea level. 28 This constant exposure to inflammatory factors has been proposed to induce an adaptation and immune tolerance 32 which ultimately might cause patients with COVID-19 to develop less severe disease. 28…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25,27,28 ; ii) reduction in the ACE2 receptor expression in epithelial cells due to the chronic hypoxia which could reduce the binding of the S protein of COVID-19 to host cells. 3,8,28,29 However, this claim remains speculative and needs to be confirmed 30 ; iii) living with chronic hypoxia may also boost antioxidant systems, mitochondrial function and immune capacities. 31 In addition, chronic hypoxia induces a constant state of inflammation among healthy people living at high altitude.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 This constant exposure to inflammatory factors has been proposed to induce an adaptation and immune tolerance 32 which ultimately might cause patients with COVID-19 to develop less severe disease. 28…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of High Altitude on the Survival of COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care Unit: A Cohort Study

Jibaja

Roldan-Vasquez

Rello

et al. 2022

J Intensive Care Med

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Purpose: The effect of high altitude ( ≥ 1500 m) and its potential association with mortality by COVID-19 remains controversial. We assessed the effect of high altitude on the survival/discharge of COVID-19 patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission for mechanical ventilation compared to individuals treated at sea level. Methods: A retrospective cohort multi-center study of consecutive adults patients with a positive RT-PCR test for COVID-19 who were mechanically ventilated between March and November 2020. Data were collected from two sea-level hospitals and four high-altitude hospitals in Ecuador. The primary outcome was ICU and hospital survival/discharge. Survival analysis was conducted using semi-parametric Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Of the study population (n = 670), 35.2% were female with a mean age of 58.3 ± 12.6 years. On admission, high-altitude patients were more likely to be younger (57.2 vs. 60.5 years old), presented with less comorbidities such as hypertension (25.9% vs. 54.9% with p-value <.001) and diabetes mellitus (20.5% vs. 37.2% with p-value <.001), less probability of having a capillary refill time > 3 sec (13.7% vs. 30.1%, p-value <.001), and less severity-of-illness condition (APACHE II score, 17.5 ± 8.1 vs. 20 ± 8.2, p < .01). After adjusting for key confounders high altitude is associated with significant higher probabilities of ICU survival/discharge (HR: 1.74 [95% CI: 1.46-2.08]) and hospital survival/discharge (HR: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.18-1.55]) than patients treated at sea level. Conclusions: Patients treated at high altitude at any time point during the study period were 74% more likely to experience ICU survival/discharge and 35% more likely to experience hospital survival/discharge than to the sea-level group. Possible reasons for these findings are genetic and physiological adaptations due to exposure to chronic hypoxia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of High Altitude on the Survival of COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care Unit: A Cohort Study

Jibaja

Roldan-Vasquez

Rello

et al. 2022

J Intensive Care Med

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“…It has been suggested that low barometric and partial oxygen pressures would cause a decrease in the average half-lifetime of the virus and/or a decrease in the regulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main SARS-CoV-2 virus receptor in human epithelial cells [38,39]. but normal residents who have adapted to high altitudes, whose pathophysiological features have changed, can live unrestricted at high altitudes, has he developed resistance to the SARS-CoV-2 virus?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Actual Situation of Covid-19 Infection at High Altitudes in Perú

Garmendia-Lorena¹

2022

OBM Genet

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This study aimed to reveal the evolution and characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic in high-altitude areas of Perú. An observational, descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study based on information from the Peruvian Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Situational Room, warning from the National Epidemiology Center, Prevention and Disease Control, and the Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO) was conducted to analyze the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Perú from the beginning of the pandemic until March 7, 2022. In this period, 31,635,319 people were examined, 3,637,529 were infected, and 213,551 died from the disease, with a lethality index of 5.87%. Perú is now the country most affected by the pandemic in South America. The data showed heterogeneity in prevalence across the country, with higher altitudes having lower prevalence than coastal and jungle areas, which was related to climatic circumstances and social factors. The situation was complicated by the severe spread of the pandemia, which caused a surge in demand for health services and intensive care units, loss of workplaces and increased levels of poverty. A notable result was a decrease in the prevalence and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic at high altitudes in Perú compared to the coastal and jungle areas.

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Retracted: The relationship between C‐reactive protein and levels of various cytokines in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and correlation analysis

SeyedAlinaghi

Mirzapour

Afroughi

et al. 2022

Health Science Reports

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Introduction C‐reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines levels could alter in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) due to the inflammatory response caused by the virus. This analysis aimed to assess the relationship between the CRP levels and the levels of various cytokines in COVID‐19 patients. Materials and Methods We searched the databases of PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science for relevant articles on May 29th, 2021. Applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the retrieved records underwent two‐phase screenings; first, a title/abstract screening process, and then, a full‐text screening to find the eligible studies. Data for study variables were extracted, including the CRP levels and the levels of all reported cytokines. A strong and significant relationship between Interleukins and CRP was defined as: p ≤ 0.05, 0.7 ≤ r ≤ 1. Results In this study, 103 studies were included for systematic review and correlation analysis. The aggregate mean and SD of study variables were calculated and reported. The correlation between Interleukins and CRP was measured using correlation coefficient (r). It appeared that interleukin (IL)‐10 has a moderate and significant relationship with CRP (p ≤ 0.05, r = 0.472). IL‐10 predicted almost 10% of CRP changes. Conclusion This correlation analysis suggests IL‐10 is moderately correlated with CRP levels in patients with COVID‐19 infection. A better understanding of the pro‐inflammatory markers could contribute to the implementation of therapeutic and preventive approaches. More prospective studies are suggested to explore the relationship between CRP and cytokines as potential markers for the early identification of COVID‐19 progression and severity.

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Comparison of Cytokines Levels Among Covid-19 Patients Living at Sea Level and High Altitude

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Effect of High Altitude on the Survival of COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care Unit: A Cohort Study

Effect of High Altitude on the Survival of COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care Unit: A Cohort Study

The Actual Situation of Covid-19 Infection at High Altitudes in Perú

Retracted: The relationship between C‐reactive protein and levels of various cytokines in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and correlation analysis

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