Comparison of cyclic nucleotide and energy metabolism of intact mouse retina in situ and in vitro

Mitzel, D.L.; Hall, I. A.; DeVries, Gerald W.; Cohen, Adolph I.; Ferrendelli, James A.

doi:10.1016/0014-4835(78)90050-7

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Creatine kinase activity is found in the inner segment of bovine, mouse, and chicken cone and rod photoreceptors, in close association with the mitochondria-rich portion of the inner segment, and in the membranous disk and plasma membrane of the outer segment of the bovine photoreceptors (20,43,47,49). Stable levels of ATP are encountered in the photoreceptor outer segments in the frog, salamander, and mouse even after stimulation of the phototransduction pathway (12,26,28,36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Creatine transporter localization in developing and adult retina: importance of creatine to retinal function

Acosta¹,

Kalloniatis²,

Christie³

2005

American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology

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Creatine and phosphocreatine are required to maintain ATP needed for normal retinal function and development. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of the creatine transporter (CRT) to gain insight to how creatine is transported into the retina. An affinity-purified antibody raised against the CRT was applied to adult vertebrate retinas and to mouse retina during development. Confocal microscopy was used to identify the localization pattern as well as co-localization patterns with a range of retinal neurochemical markers. Strong labeling of the CRT was seen in the photoreceptor inner segments in all species studied and labeling of a variety of inner neuronal cells (amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells), the retinal nerve fibers and sites of creatine transport into the retina (retinal pigment epithelium, inner retinal blood vessels, and perivascular astrocytes). The CRT was not expressed in Müller cells of any of the species studied. The lack of labeling of Müller cells suggests that neurons are independent of this glial cell in accumulating creatine. During mouse retinal development, expression of the CRT progressively increased throughout the retina until approximately postnatal day 10, with a subsequent decrease. Comparison of the distribution patterns of the CRT in vascular and avascular vertebrate retinas and studies of the mouse retina during development indicate that creatine and phosphocreatine are important for ATP homeostasis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Creatine transporter localization in developing and adult retina: importance of creatine to retinal function

Acosta¹,

Kalloniatis²,

Christie³

2005

American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology

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“…Our results do show that, in the intact photoreceptor, light produces a large Ca efflux from the outer segment which most likely reflects an increase in intracellular free Ca and that this change is fast and is exquisitely sensitive to light. However, light also changes the concentration of cyclic GMP in rod outer segments by a substantial amount and with high sensitivity (24)(25)(26), and cyclic GMP also appears to control the membrane potential, although some controversy now exists as to whether the changes in cyclic GMP level in intact retinas are necessarily as fast as those observed in isolated outer segments and disc membranes (27). Therefore, it is yet to be established whether the changes in Ca and cyclic GMP occur independently, are subservient to each other, or are both links in a larger chain that remains to be discovered.…”

Section: I6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-induced calcium release by intact retinal rods.

Gold¹,

Korenbrot²

1980

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

168

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Brief illumination of the isolated toad retina produces a transient increase in the extracellular free Ca concentration in the photoreceptor layer. This change in concentration arises from the release of Ca.+ by the rod outer segments.The release begins within 200 msec after the stimulus flash. The peak amplitude of the concentration change increases linearly with light intensity up to approximately 100 absorbed photons per rod and saturates at about 107 absorbed photons per rod. In the linear range, the amount of Ca released corresponds to about 2 X 104 Ca2+ per absorbed photon per rod. The high stoichiometry of this release, in relation to the low free intracellular MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterials. The organophosphate used in the electrodes (11) was the Ca salt of bis(di-n-octyl)phenyl phosphate (HDOPP) (the kind gift of S. Firstenberg, Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). Di-octylphenyl phosphonate (DOPP) was obtained from Specialty Organics (Irwindale, CA). Tetrahydrofuran and poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) were purchased from Aldrich. Li-Al hydride was added to the tetrahydrofuran to prevent accumulation of peroxides. Na tetraphenylboron was obtained from Sigma. The water used throughout was distilled and deionized.Electrode Construction. The Ca-selective membrane was made by mixing HDOPP with DOPP, 1:10 (wt/wt), and allowing the solution to stand overnight at room temperature. The solution was then incorporated into nonporous PVC (12) as follows. PVC (0.39 g) was dissolved in 13 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 0.83 g of the HDOPP/DOPP solution and 5.2 mg of Na tetraphenylboran were added. The resulting solution was poured into a clean glass petri dish (diameter, 9.5 cm), covered with several layers of filter paper, and allowed to dry for at least 24 hr. The resulting PVC membrane was 100,gm thick.For measurements from the isolated retina, a special electrode was constructed. Two holes were drilled through the top of a cylindrical PVC cap (diameter, 1.3 cm) and a disc (diameter, 0.8 cm) of the Ca membrane was glued over the holes with 0.3% PVC in tetrahydrofuran (Fig. 1). One of the holes was made into a reference electrode by cutting its overlaying PVC membrane and inserting into it polyethylene tubing containing 2% agar in Ringer's solution. The assembled PVC cap was glued onto the end of a U-shaped plexiglass tube. The tube was then filled with a Ca standard solution which contacted the lower surface of the uncut (active) membrane. The Ca electrode potential was recorded between Ag/AgCl pellets placed in the reference tubing and in the Ca standard solution with a lownoise differential amplifier (model 113, PAR Instruments, Princeton, NJ).Electrode Properties. As originally reported by Ruzicka et al. (11), the Ca membrane electrodes exhibited nearly Nernstian behavior-i.e., 29 mV per decade change in Ca concentration, down to <1 gM Ca. The electrodes exhibited a high selectivity for Ca over other biologically important ions [-log KCa/Na = 5.2; -log KCa/K = 5.7; -log Kca/Mg = 3.6 (11)]. In addition, the elect...

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“…In addition, Mitzel et al (1978) and de Azeredo et al (1981) report increases in phosphocreatine (PCr) levels in light, while Sickel (1972) finds a decrease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies on the effects of light on phosphorus metabolites, all of which have used chemical analysis techniques, have yielded contradictory results: Robinson & Hagins (1979b), de Azeredo, Lust & Passonneau (1980), Winkler (1981), Goldberg, Adelbert, Gander & Walseth (1983), and Biernbaum & Bownds (1979, 1985 all report that the retinal ATP content does not change in light; Mitzel, Hall, DeVries, Cohen & Ferrendelli (1978) show ATP increases during long incubations in light; Sickel (1972), Carretta & Cavaggioni (1976), and Ostroy, Svoboda & Wilson (1990) report decreases in ATP levels in light. In addition, Mitzel et al (1978) and de Azeredo et al (1981) report increases in phosphocreatine (PCr) levels in light, while Sickel (1972) finds a decrease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased energy requirement of toad retina during light adaptation as demonstrated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.

Apte

Ebrey

Dawson

1993

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The effect of light and dark adaptation on the levels of phosphorus metabolites (nucleotide di-and triphosphates, phosphocreatine, pyridine nucleotide, inorganic phosphate, phosphodiesters, phosphomonoesters, and uridine diphosphate-glucose) in the toad (Bufo marinus) retina and retinal extracts was studied by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.2. Spectra were acquired using an NMR probe specifically designed for superfusion and illumination of a single retina. Retinae were maintained at a steady state for up to 10 h in an electrolyte solution containing 10 mm Hepes buffer and bubbled with 98% 02-2 % C02, pH 7-8 at 20°C.3. The intracellular concentrations of the phosphorus metabolites were measured in total darkness or during prolonged exposure to light. The concentration of nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) in the dark-adapted retina was about 1P5 mm and that of phosphocreatine (PCr) was about 0 7 mM.4. In saturating levels of light, 6-0 x 1011 or 1P5 x 1013 quanta s-1 cm-2 at 520 nm, the levels of PCr and phosphomonoesters rose, the levels of NTP and protons (pH) were maintained, and the levels of pyridine nucleotides and nucleotide diphosphates (NDP) fell.5. A rise in the level of PCr in the presence of an unchanged level of NTP in the light-adapted retina indicates that the energy consumption of the retina is greater in the dark.6. These results are in agreement with the results of oxygen consumption, glucose dependence, and electrophysiological studies which also indicate that the metabolic energy requirement of the retina decreases in light.

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Comparison of cyclic nucleotide and energy metabolism of intact mouse retina in situ and in vitro

Cited by 25 publications

References 4 publications

Creatine transporter localization in developing and adult retina: importance of creatine to retinal function

Creatine transporter localization in developing and adult retina: importance of creatine to retinal function

Light-induced calcium release by intact retinal rods.

Decreased energy requirement of toad retina during light adaptation as demonstrated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.

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