Comparison of cryogenic supply systems of surgical instruments for local destruction of extensive lesions of biological tissue

Biophysical and engineering aspects of cryosurgery

“…Liquid nitrogen cryoprobes cool by boiling liquid nitrogen within their tips. They have a much greater heat extraction capability than the high-pressure cryoprobes and can maintain tip temperatures close to the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (-195.8 "C at one atmosphere) whilst extracting many watts of heat from the tissues (see Boyarskii and Filippov 1978).…”