Comparison of chocolate to cacao-free white chocolate in Parkinson’s disease: a single-dose, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial

Wolz, Martin; Schleiffer, Christine; Klingelhöfer, Lisa; Schneider, Christine; Proft, Florian; Schwanebeck, Uta; Reichmann, Heinz; Riederer, Peter; Storch, Alexander

doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6527-1

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A single-dose crossover study evaluated the immediate effect of 200 g of cocoa chocolate on motor function in PD patients. Contrary to expectations, no significant differences in motor function were found in this study at 1-3 h after the ingestion of cocoa chocolate compared to cocoa-free chocolate [187]. An important factor to consider in addition to the flavonoid content is that cocoa contains β-phenylethylamine, traces of a type of amine with neurotransmitter activity [188,189].…”

Section: Whey Protein Supplementation In Parkinson's Diseasecontrasting

confidence: 63%

Foods with Potential Prooxidant and Antioxidant Effects Involved in Parkinson’s Disease

Miranda-Díaz

García-Sánchez

Cardona-Muñoz

2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Oxidative stress appears to be responsible for the gradual dysfunction that manifests via numerous cellular pathways throughout PD progression. This review will describe the prooxidant effect of excessive consumption of processed food. Processed meat can affect health due to its high sodium content, advanced lipid oxidation end-products, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. During cooking, lipids can react with proteins to form advanced end-products of lipid oxidation. Excessive consumption of different types of carbohydrates is a risk factor for PD. The antioxidant effects of some foods in the regular diet provide an inconclusive interpretation of the environment’s mechanisms with the modulation of oxidation stress-induced PD. Some antioxidant molecules are known whose primary mechanism is the neuroprotective effect. The melatonin mechanism consists of neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing antioxidant enzyme’s expression and activity. N-acetylcysteine protects against the development of PD by restoring levels of brain glutathione. The balanced administration of vitamin B3, ascorbic acid, vitamin D and the intake of caffeine every day seem beneficial for brain health in PD. Excessive chocolate intake could have adverse effects in PD patients. The findings reported to date do not provide clear benefits for a possible efficient therapeutic intervention by consuming the nutrients that are consumed regularly.

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Section: Whey Protein Supplementation In Parkinson's Diseasecontrasting

confidence: 63%

Foods with Potential Prooxidant and Antioxidant Effects Involved in Parkinson’s Disease

Miranda-Díaz

García-Sánchez

Cardona-Muñoz

2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…Theobromine nonselectively antagonizes A 1 and A 2 receptors, less potently than caffeine, and is a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor . In a study, 200 g of 80% dark chocolate was administered to PD patients and, compared to cocoa‐free white chocolate, did not produce any change on parkinsonian disability, assessed by a blinded investigator who performed the UPDRS Part III scale 1 hour after intake . Interestingly, though, PD patients tend to eat more chocolate than normal individuals .…”

Section: Methods and Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenosine 2A Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

Pourcher

2015

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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Background: Treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains an unmet challenge. Adenosine 2A (A 2A ) receptors are located along the indirect pathway and represent a potential target to enhance L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) antiparkinsonian action.Methods: This article summarizes the preclinical and clinical literature on A 2A antagonists in PD, with a specific focus on their effect on off time, on time, and dyskinesia. Findings: Several A 2A receptor antagonists have been tested in preclinical studies and clinical trials. In preclinical studies, A 2A antagonists enhanced L-DOPA antiparkinsonian action without exacerbating dyskinesia, but A 2A antagonists were generally administered in combination with a subthreshold dose of L-DOPA, which is different to the paradigms used in clinical trials, where A 2A antagonists were usually added to an optimal antiparkinsonian regimen. In clinical settings, A 2A antagonists generally reduced duration of off time, by as much as 25% in some studies. The effect of on time duration is less clear, and in a few studies an exacerbation of dyskinesia was reported. Two

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“…First, the amount of caffeine per serving of chocolate varies widely. 32,33 Second, chocolate itself may be a risk factor for rosacea. 34 Because the caffeine content in chocolate is low, other compounds may be responsible for the observed association.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Caffeine Intake and Caffeinated Coffee Consumption With Risk of Incident Rosacea in Women

Chen

Drucker

et al. 2018

JAMA Dermatol

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IMPORTANCE Caffeine is known to decrease vasodilation and have immunosuppressant effects, which may potentially decrease the risk of rosacea. However, the heat from coffee may be a trigger for rosacea flares. The relationship between the risk of rosacea and caffeine intake, including coffee consumption, is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the risk of incident rosacea and caffeine intake, including coffee consumption. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study included 82 737 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II), a prospective cohort established in 1989, with follow-up conducted biennially between 1991 and 2005. All analysis took place between June 2017 and June 2018. EXPOSURES Data on coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate consumption were collected every 4 years during follow-up. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Information on history of clinician-diagnosed rosacea and year of diagnosis was collected in 2005. RESULTS A total of 82 737 women responded to the question regarding a diagnosis of rosacea in 2005 in NHS II and were included in the final analysis (mean [SD] age at study entry, 50.5 [4.6] years). During 1 120 051 person-years of follow-up, we identified 4945 incident cases of rosacea. After adjustment for other risk factors, we found an inverse association between increased caffeine intake and risk of rosacea (hazard ratio for the highest quintile of caffeine intake vs the lowest, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.84; P < .001 for trend). A significant inverse association with risk of rosacea was also observed for caffeinated coffee consumption (HR, 0.77 for those who consumed Ն4 servings/d vs those who consumed <1/mo; 95% CI, 0.69-0.87; P < .001 for trend), but not for decaffeinated coffee (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56-1.14; P = .39 for trend). Further analyses found that increased caffeine intake from foods other than coffee (tea, soda, and chocolate) was not significantly associated with decreased risk of rosacea. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Increased caffeine intake from coffee was inversely associated with the risk of incident rosacea. Our findings do not support limiting caffeine intake as a means to prevent rosacea. Further studies are required to explain the mechanisms of action of these associations, to replicate our findings in other populations, and to explore the relationship of caffeine with different rosacea subtypes.

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Comparison of chocolate to cacao-free white chocolate in Parkinson’s disease: a single-dose, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Foods with Potential Prooxidant and Antioxidant Effects Involved in Parkinson’s Disease

Foods with Potential Prooxidant and Antioxidant Effects Involved in Parkinson’s Disease

Adenosine 2A Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

Association of Caffeine Intake and Caffeinated Coffee Consumption With Risk of Incident Rosacea in Women

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