Comparison of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Different Varieties of Chrysanthemum Flos in China

Abstract

Chrysanthemum Flos is the prestigious traditional Chinese medicinal material and the popular health drink. This article comprehensively evaluated the chemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and hepatoprotective effects of 25 common chrysanthemum varieties in China. Firstly, we analyzed the chemical compositions of water extracts of chrysanthemum using UPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS, and identified 29 chemical components. The results displayed that chrysanthemum was rich in chemical constituents, but there were significant differences in the contents of four phenolic acids and five flavonoids among different varieties, and the coefficient of variation (CVs) ranged from 35.96 % to 114.62 %. Then, the antioxidant activities of different chrysanthemums were investigated, respectively via 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The spectrum‐effect relationships between nine main components and antioxidant activities were investigated to identify the antioxidant constitutes in chrysanthemums. Meanwhile, H2O2‐induced hepatocyte injury testing showed wide variation in cultivar antioxidant capacity, with Tongchengju (TCJ) producing the best effect (90.32 %), followed by Chuju (CJ; 85.78 %). In addition, the hepatoprotective effects of 8 mainstream varieties were determined by the model of acute alcoholic liver injury. They protected liver from injury by affecting relevant liver function and antioxidant indexes. Huangshangongju (HSG) could decrease aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity by 39.27 % in liver tissue; Hangju‐Fubaiju (HJ‐FBJ), Jinsihuangju (JSH), and Chuju (CJ) significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of liver tissue, which reduced by more than 40 %; Jinsihuangju (JSH) of used for tea could double the content of glutathione (GSH) and had the similar effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) as the positive group, showing significant antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this study confirmed that chrysanthemums are potential resources as antioxidants, functional foods, and medicinal materials. Importantly, it may provide a scientific support for further development and utilization of chrysanthemum, and screen excellent varieties for different demands.

Effects of Modified Sang ju-Yin Decoction Combined with IFNαlb Nebulization on IL-1β and HBD2 in Children with Asthmatic Bronchitis

“…On the one hand, it can stop virus reproduction without affecting (commonly and regular) cell functions [ 15 ]. On the other hand, it can control the inability to be harmed (harmful, angry behaviors) caused by breathing and lung-related virus infection, control the production of endogenous (able to be easily caught by others) poisonous chemicals, control the unable to be harmed function of the body, and improve the virus-killing effect [ 16 ]. The virus-killing (machine/method/way) of IFN is to directly limit the answer/copy and spread of the virus by binding to cell surface receptors, causing and activating virus-killing factors such as endogenous Mx protein and RNA-activating flowers; it can also directly or indirectly act on T cells and cells [ 17 ].…”

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of CHS Gene Family Members in Chrysanthemum nankingense

“…They are used to treat headaches, dizziness, the common cold, and dim eyesight. Modern pharmacological studies have proven that chrysanthemums have various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidative [ 15 ], anti-inflammatory [ 16 ], cardiovascular protective [ 17 ], antibacterial and antiviral [ 18 ], and immunoregulatory activity [ 19 ], because they contain high amounts of flavonoids, such as linarin, diosmetin-7-glucoside, and tilianin; phenolic acids, such as isochlorogenic acid C, isochlorogenic acid A, and 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid; and volatile oils, such as juniper camphor, borneol, and cis -caryophyllene [ 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Furthermore, flavonoids are not just the primary active components in chrysanthemums; as active substances, they also serve as the major pigments for flowers, as well as having a role in stress tolerance [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Classic mechanisms and experimental models for the anti‐inflammatory effect of traditional Chinese medicine

“…Considering the close relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation, molecular and biochemical models of antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and total antioxidant capacity assay) can also be used to evaluate anti‐inflammatory effects. 70 At present, these molecular and biochemical models have been widely applied to test the anti‐inflammatory effects of TCM. 19 , 22 , 71 Additionally, these models are also ideal for drug screening.…”