Comparison of Cephalometric Measurements of On-Screen Images by CephX Software and Hard-Copy Printouts by Conventional Manual Tracing

Abstract

Newer diagnostic methods have become widespread in medicine nowadays as a result of extraordinary advancements in the field of electronics. On computers, various orthodontic programs are available as software. When it comes to orthodontics, diagnosis is critical, with the radiographic study being the most important phase. The goal of this research was to assess the level of liability of direct digital radiograph tracing using CephX and compare with hand tracing digital printouts and evaluate the two techniques concerning measurement reproducibility of individual methods. The material consisted of 25 digital lateral cephalometric images, fourteen linear and angular parameters were measured by a single operator digitally and manually. The intraclass correlation coefficient and confidence interval were used to compare the difference of the measurements obtained from manual and digital tracings, and intra-examiner error was evaluated by the coefficient of variation. A comparison of hand and CephX tracing showed a low level of agreement in the anterior facial height, anterior and posterior cranial base length. Only of (LI to A-Pog) line for both manual and digital methods showed poor intra-examiner duplicability. Thus, it can be concluded that digital tracing with CephX is adequate for clinical uses and similar to manual cephalometric tracings.

Comparison of Three Commercially Available, AI-Driven Cephalometric Analysis Tools in Orthodontics

“…These problems with lower incisor identification were also found in our study, yielding the high variability shown in the measurements presented in Figure 4C,D. Ribwar and Azeez compared the results of CephX and manual tracings [46]. The authors have shown that, except for several parameters, the results of the automated analysis showed high agreement with the manual method.…”

Reliability of the AI-Assisted Assessment of the Proximity of the Root Apices to Mandibular Canal

“…All the studies showed some inaccuracies in the results of automated cephalometric analyses conducted with CephX. Despite these issues, the authors found the program useful [ 20 , 35 , 36 ]. The study by Meric and Naoumova [ 20 ] investigated the application of AI analysis based on lateral cephalograms of 40 patients preceding orthodontic treatment.…”

“…A notable advantage of CephX was the significant reduction in analysis time despite the need for manual correction. A study by Khalid and Azeez [ 36 ] analyzed results of cephalometric analysis based on 14 measurements on 25 lateral cephalograms, comparing an expert’s measurements with CephX results. A high level of agreement was demonstrated, except for measurements of two measurements.…”