Comparison of C-reactive protein with distinct hyperinflammatory biomarkers in association with COVID-19 severity, mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variants

Abstract

C-reactive protein (CRP) has been one of the most investigated inflammatory-biomarkers during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemics caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The severe outcome among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is closely related to the cytokine storm and the hyperinflammation responsible for the acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. It still remains a challenge to determine which of the hyperinflammatory biomarkers and cytokines are the best predictors for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we evaluated and compared the outcome prediction efficiencies between CRP, the recently reported inflammatory modulators (suPAR, sTREM-1, HGF), and the classical biomarkers (MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, NLR, PLR, ESR, ferritin, fibrinogen, and LDH) in patients confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection at hospital admission. Notably, patients with severe disease had higher serum levels of CRP, suPAR, sTREM-1, HGF and classical biomarkers compared to the mild and moderate cases. Our data also identified CRP, among all investigated analytes, to best discriminate between severe and non-severe forms of disease, while LDH, sTREM-1 and HGF proved to be excellent mortality predictors in COVID-19 patients. Importantly, suPAR emerged as a key molecule in characterizing the Delta variant infections.

Exploring gene signatures and regulatory networks in a rat model of sciatica: implications and validation in neuropathic pain

“…The elevated levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-6 in the spinal dorsal horn of the SCN-CCI group are consistent with the involvement of neuroinflammation in NP. These cytokines have been implicated in mediating glial activation, neuroinflammatory responses, and the sensitization of pain pathways ( Hester et al, 2022 ; Damiati et al, 2023 ; Paranga et al, 2023 ), and the increased activation of microglial cells observed in the SCN-CCI group further supports the role of neuroinflammation in NP pathophysiology. Microglial activation has been associated with releasing pro-inflammatory mediators and amplifying pain signaling ( Dheen et al, 2007 ; Smith et al, 2012 ).…”

Green Tea Extract Reduced Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L2 Cells as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Model Through Genes and Cytokine Pro-Inflammatory

“…The CRP levels were also found to be highly associated to immunological alterations as a marked rise in pro-inflammatory biomarkers 46 . Although CRP is mostly produced in the liver, its mRNA has been found in respiratory tract epithelial cells and T-lymphocytes 47 .…”

COVID-19 and Laboratory Markers from Romanian Patients—A Narrative Review

“…The major laboratory markers that were studied by Romanian authors are displayed in Table 1. Yes, even more so in Roma [53,54,[58][59][60][61][62]70] Diabetes [48,94] Antiphospholipid syndrome [47] Hypertension [27] Cardiac dysfunction [46,73,93] Overweight/metabolic syndrome [27,54,93] Lung involvement [50,57] PIMS [83] Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Exacerbation [42] Pneumothorax/ pneumomediastinum [31,72] Liver failure [44] Multiple organ dysfunction [ [57,58,102,103] No [55] More comorbidities [29,101] Lung involvement [57] In addition, this article aimed to identify gaps in this research and provide encouragement for Romanian research to focus on novel and detailed aspects of the pandemic. For instance, as Romania grapples with the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the long-term effects of the disease is of paramount importance.…”