Comparison of Bubble Release from Various Types of Oxygenators

Hatteland, K; Pedersen, Tore; Semb, Bjarne K. H.

doi:10.3109/14017438509102707

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The counter was calibrated per manufacturer's instructions with 150-212 µm glass beads (G-9018, Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA) to profile microair bubbles from 10-100 µm in diameter. 26,27 …”

Section: Test Circuitmentioning

confidence: 98%

A comparison of gaseous emboli release in five membrane oxygenators

Beckley

Shinko

Sites³

1997

Perfusion

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The purpose of this study was to compare the air handling capability of five currently used membrane oxygenators: the Avecor Affinity, the Bentley SpiralGold, the Medtronic Maxima Plus, the Sarns Turbo and the Sorin Monolyth M. A circuit was constructed to include a hardshell venous reservoir and roller pump. Pressure monitoring sites and ultrasonic microbubble detection probes were located proximal and distal to the oxygenator. An air injection/infusion site was provided proximal to the roller pump inlet. Each circuit was primed with fresh anticoagulated bovine blood, adjusted to a haematocrit of 25% and maintained at 38 +/- 1 degree C. Three different bolus amounts of air (10, 20 and 40 cm3) were injected at three blood flow rates (3, 4.5 and 6 l/min). A 1-min infusion of air delivered at 1 ml/s was also administered at three blood flow rates (3, 4.5 and 6 l/min). The hardshell reservoir was also completely emptied at each flow rate to simulate a massive air infusion. At any given blood flow, outlet microbubble counts were usually higher with greater bolus amounts of air. When indexed to the inlet bubble counts, the following average percent microbubbles were released from the outlet: Turbo 25%, Affinity 7%, Monolyth 5%, Maxima 3% and SpiralGold 1%. With a constant air infusion of 1 ml/s, greater outlet microbubble counts were associated with higher blood flow rates. Again, when indexed to the inlet bubble counts, the following average percent microbubbles were released from the outlet: Turbo 44%, Affinity 25%, Maxima 19%, Monolyth 16% and SpiralGold 0%. All oxygenators deprimed when the hardshell reservoir was emptied and all shed microbubbles into the outlet blood except the SpiralGold. The results of this study indicate that air handling is not a simple function of blood flow pattern (i.e. top to bottom versus bottom to top), but also includes dynamics associated with oxygenator design, fibre arrangement and flow resistance.

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Section: Test Circuitmentioning

confidence: 98%

A comparison of gaseous emboli release in five membrane oxygenators

Beckley

Shinko

Sites³

1997

Perfusion

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“…The reflected echoes are nearly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the gaseous emboli. 6,7 The relative sizes of the bubbles were obtained by rectifying the echo amplitudes. The output signal was entered into computer software (Bub2mon.…”

Section: In Vitro Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Dideco’s paediatric cardiopulmonary circuit for neonates weighing less than five kilograms

et al. 2010

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The neonate cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit, including a KIDS D100 oxygenator (The Sorin Group, Mirandola, Italy) and a D130 arterial filter (The Sorin Group), was evaluated in vitro with respect to the removal of free micro gas bubbles. No gas bubbles > 40µm were measured after the arterial filter D130 upon manual introduction of 10 ml of air into the venous line or during the use of vacuum-assisted venous drainage (VAVD). The D130 arterial filter removed 88 % of gas bubbles < 40 µm during manual introduction of air into the venous line; however, only 50 % of gas bubbles < 40 µm were removed during the use of VAVD. The same CPB circuit was evaluated in vivo to compare with another CPB circuit, including a D901 oxygenator (The Sorin Group) and arterial filter D736 (The Sorin Group), in 155 neonates weighing ≤5 kg. The D100 circuit required significantly less priming volume than the D901 circuit. Postoperative haemoglobin was significantly higher, artificial ventilation time was significantly shorter and postoperative bleeding was significantly less in the D100 group. This neonate CPB circuit effectively removed the gas bubbles and required up to 37% less priming volume and, thus, decreased the need for blood transfusion.

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“…These are predominantly related to the heterogeneities of the ultrasound, two or more bubbles passing through the ultrasonic field simultaneously, bubble resonance phenomena, and nonlinearity between bubble size and the ultrasonic echo amplitude. 12 In spite of these factors, the number of bubbles detected is dramatically low in comparison with the volume of air injected. Importantly, despite a total of 35 cm 3 of air being injected as large bolus amounts, all the animals survived without obvious neurological deficit and without any sign of kidney emboli secondary to air bubble manipulations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pulsed Doppler ultrasound system, the CMD10 (Hatteland Instrumentering, Ryken, Norway) [10][11][12] was connected to the arterial line 3 inches downstream of the filter to measure bubble intensity and relative bubble size of the perfusate. A 13-mm inner diameter probe, fitting 3/8-inch tubing, was used and ultrasonic gel was applied to ensure an optimal contact between the probe and the tubing.…”

Section: Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex vivo testing of the Quart® arterial line filter

et al. 1999

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Arterial line filters are now routinely used in cardiac surgery in order to decrease the microemboli load to the patient. The Quart filter (Jostra, Hirrlingen, Germany) with a new planar construction design, an easy de-airing system and an integrated bypass, was tested for air filtration capacity and resistance to blood path in a standardized setting with surviving animals. Three calves (mean body weight: 71+/-3.4 kg) were connected to a standard cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit by jugular venous and carotid arterial cannulation with a mean flow rate of 3.5 l/min. The arterial line filter was challenged with upstream injections of boluses of air of 5, 10 and 15 ml, respectively. A Doppler ultrasound was positioned downstream on the arterial line to measure bubble count and size. The pressure drop through the filter was monitored at flow rates of between 1 and 6 l/min. At the end of the procedure the animals were weaned from the CPB and, thereafter, from the ventilator. After 7 days, the animals were sacrificed electively. This study shows that important quantities of air can be injected into the arterial line upstream of the filter with small volumes of small sized bubbles recorded downstream. With the 5 ml air bolus injection, mean values of 0.3+/-0.6 bubbles of 30 and 40 microm were detected, whereas with the 20 ml bolus, 32.6+/-8.7 bubbles of 10 microm, 3.7+/-1.1 bubbles of 30 microm, 3.3+/-0.6 bubbles of 40 microm and 0.7+/-1.1 bubbles of 50 microm were recorded. The blood path resistance at different blood flow rates was well within the acceptable range with a pressure drop of 20+/-0 and 26.6+/-5.7 mmHg at flow rates of 4 and 5 l/min, respectively. With its planar concept, the Quart filter offers good air filtering capacity both in terms of bubble count and size after injection of large boluses of air, without any increase of resistance to the blood path. Moreover, it offers a venting function and an integrated bypass system.

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Comparison of Bubble Release from Various Types of Oxygenators

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

A comparison of gaseous emboli release in five membrane oxygenators

A comparison of gaseous emboli release in five membrane oxygenators

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Dideco’s paediatric cardiopulmonary circuit for neonates weighing less than five kilograms

Ex vivo testing of the Quart® arterial line filter

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