Comparison of Brain Development in Sow-Reared and Artificially Reared Piglets

Jacob, Reeba; Mudd, Austin T.; Alexander, Lindsey S.; Lai, Chron Si; Dilger, Ryan N.

doi:10.3389/fped.2016.00095

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to non-invasively quantify metabolites both in the hippocampi and intervening tissue, as described previously. 13,14 In short, an MRS spin-echo chemical shift sequence was used to assess a voxel which centered over the left and right dorsal hippocampi with a size of 12 mm × 25 mm × 12 mm. Sequence parameters used for MRS data acquisition are as follows: TR = 3000 ms; TE = 30 ms; signal averages = 128 (water-suppressed scan) and 8 (non-water supressed scan); vector size = 1024 point.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water-suppressed and non-water-suppressed data were acquired in institutional units, and all MRS data were analyzed using LC Model (version 6.3), using methods described previously. 13,14 Only neurometabolites for which a single data point was obtained for all piglets on the study were analyzed. Thus, neurometabolites in this analysis include: creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr+Pcr), glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine (GPC+PCh), myo-inositol (mI), n-acetylaspartate (NAA), n-acetylaspartate + n-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA+NAAG).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serum cortisol mediates the relationship between fecal Ruminococcus and brain N-acetylaspartate in the young pig

et al. 2017

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A dynamic relationship between the gut microbiota and brain is pivotal in neonatal development. Dysbiosis of the microbiome may result in altered neurodevelopment; however, it is unclear which specific members of microbiota are most influential and what factors might mediate the relationship between the gut and the brain. Twenty-four vaginally-derived male piglets were subjected to magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 30 d of age. Ascending colon contents, feces, and blood were collected and analyzed for volatile fatty acids, microbiota relative abundance by 16s rRNA, and serum metabolites, respectively. A mediation analysis was performed to assess the mediatory effect of serum biomarkers on the relationship between microbiota and neurometabolites. Results indicated fecal Ruminococcus and Butyricimonas predicted brain N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Analysis of serum biomarkers indicated Ruminococcus independently predicted serum serotonin and cortisol. A 3-step mediation indicated: i) Ruminococcus negatively predicted NAA, ii) Ruminococcus negatively predicted cortisol, and iii) a significant indirect effect (i.e., the effect of fecal Ruminococcus through cortisol on NAA) was observed and the direct effect became insignificant. Thus, serum cortisol fully mediated the relationship between fecal Ruminococcus and brain NAA. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, this study used a statistical mediation analysis and provides a novel perspective into the potential underlying mechanisms through which the microbiota may shape brain development. This is the first study to link Ruminococcus, cortisol, and NAA in vivo, and these findings are substantiated by previous literature indicating these factors may be influential in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum cortisol mediates the relationship between fecal Ruminococcus and brain N-acetylaspartate in the young pig

et al. 2017

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“…All pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures at PND 32 or 33 at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Biomedical Imaging Center using Siemens MAGNETOM Trio 3T equipment with a Siemens 32-channel head coil. Methods described here are adapted from previous studies using MRI in pig (Radlowski et al, 2014;Jacob et al, 2016;Mudd et al, 2016b). Each pig underwent imaging protocols only once.…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Elicit Improved Recognition Memory Concurrent With Alterations in Regional Brain Volumes and Hippocampal mRNA Expression

et al. 2020

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Human milk contains a unique profile of oligosaccharides (OS) and preliminary evidence suggests they impact brain development. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of bovine and/or human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2-fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose) on cognition, brain development, and hippocampal gene expression. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 2, male pigs received one of four milk replacers containing bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOS), HMO, both (BMOS + HMO), or neither. Pigs were tested on the novel object recognition task using delays of 1-or 48-h at PND 22. At PND 32-33, magnetic resonance imaging procedures were used to assess structural brain development and hippocampal tissue was collected for analysis of mRNA expression. Pigs consuming only HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 1-h delay and those consuming BMOS + HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 48-h delay. Both absolute and relative volumes of cortical and subcortical brain regions were altered by diet. Hippocampal mRNA expression of GABRB2, SLC1A7, CHRM3, and GLRA4 were most strongly affected by diet. HMO and BMOS had distinct effects on brain structure and cognitive performance. These data suggest different mechanisms underlie their influence on brain development.

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“…Studies have shown that volume of certain areas decreases in the presence of abnormal feeds, altered nutrition, and sensory deprivation in human (51–56) and animal studies (57, 58). The difference in cerebellar size between feeding outcomes could be a similar issue, where the volume of the segmental brain regions is correlated with the activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Lesions among Orally Fed and Gastrostomy-Fed Dysphagic Preterm Infants: Can Routine Qualitative or Volumetric Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predict Feeding Outcomes?

et al. 2017

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IntroductionThe usefulness of qualitative or quantitative volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in early detection of brain structural changes and prediction of adverse outcomes in neonatal illnesses warrants further investigation. Our aim was to correlate certain brain injuries and the brain volume of feeding-related cortical and subcortical regions with feeding method at discharge among preterm dysphagic infants.Materials and methodsUsing a retrospective observational study design, we examined MRI data among 43 (22 male; born at 31.5 ± 0.8 week gestation) infants who went home on oral feeding or gastrostomy feeding (G-tube). MRI scans were segmented, and volumes of brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and vermis were quantified, and correlations were made with discharge feeding outcomes. Chi-squared tests were used to evaluate MRI findings vs. feeding outcomes. ANCOVA was performed on the regression model to measure the association of maturity and brain volume between groups.ResultsOut of 43 infants, 44% were oral-fed and 56% were G-tube fed at hospital discharge (but not at time of the study). There was no relationship between qualitative brain lesions and feeding outcomes. Volumetric analysis revealed that cerebellum was greater (p < 0.05) in G-tube fed infants, whereas cerebrum volume was greater (p < 0.05) in oral-fed infants. Other brain regions did not show volumetric differences between groups.ConclusionThis study concludes that neither qualitative nor quantitative volumetric MRI findings correlate with feeding outcomes. Understanding the complexity of swallowing and feeding difficulties in infants warrants a comprehensive and in-depth functional neurological assessment.

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Comparison of Brain Development in Sow-Reared and Artificially Reared Piglets

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Serum cortisol mediates the relationship between fecal Ruminococcus and brain N-acetylaspartate in the young pig

Serum cortisol mediates the relationship between fecal Ruminococcus and brain N-acetylaspartate in the young pig

Human and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Elicit Improved Recognition Memory Concurrent With Alterations in Regional Brain Volumes and Hippocampal mRNA Expression

Brain Lesions among Orally Fed and Gastrostomy-Fed Dysphagic Preterm Infants: Can Routine Qualitative or Volumetric Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predict Feeding Outcomes?

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