Comparison of body composition and nutrients’ deficiencies between Portuguese rink-hockey players

Silva, Raquel; Silva, Hugo-Henrique

doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2803-x

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Recent studies have investigated the prevalence of low EA in various sports [8,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Prevalence ranges from 22% to 58% (Table 1).…”

Section: Low Energy Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

et al. 2020

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Low energy availability (EA) underpins the female and male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). The condition arises when insufficient calories are consumed to support exercise energy expenditure, resulting in compromised physiological processes, such as menstrual irregularities in active females. The health concerns associated with longstanding low EA include menstrual/libido, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular dysfunction and compromised bone health, all of which can contribute to impaired sporting performance. This narrative review provides an update of our previous review on the prevalence and risk of low EA, within-day energy deficiency, and the potential impact of low EA on performance. The methods to assess EA remain a challenge and contribute to the methodological difficulties in identifying “true” low EA. Screening female athletic groups using a validated screening tool such as the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) has shown promise in identifying endurance athletes at risk of low EA. Knowledge of RED-S and its potential implications for performance is low among coaches and athletes alike. Development of sport and gender-specific screening tools to identify adolescent and senior athletes in different sports at risk of RED-S is warranted. Education initiatives are required to raise awareness among coaches and athletes of the importance of appropriate dietary strategies to ensure that sufficient calories are consumed to support training.

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“…Recent studies have investigated the prevalence of low EA in various sports [8,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Prevalence ranges from 22% to 58% (Table 1).…”

Section: Low Energy Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

et al. 2020

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“…Moreover, for this athlete group optimal EA is consider >45 kcal/kg FFM/day, sub-clinical EA is 30–45 kcal/kg FFM/day [ 20 ], and extreme LEA when EA is <10 kcal/kg FFM [ 13 ]. Although these cut offs were estimated on female athletes over 18 age, there are some manuscripts that use them in under-18 athletes [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition, Dietary Intake and the Risk of Low Energy Availability in Elite-Level Competitive Rhythmic Gymnasts

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to analyze dietary intake and body composition in a group of elite-level competitive rhythmic gymnasts from Spain. We undertook body composition and nutritional analysis of 30 elite gymnasts, divided into two groups by age: pre-teen (9–12 years) (n = 17) and teen (13–18 years) (n = 13). Measures of height, weight, and bioimpedance were used to calculate body mass index and percent body fat. Energy and nutrient intakes were assessed based on 7-day food records. The two groups had similar percentages of total body fat (pre-teen: 13.99 ± 3.83% vs. teen: 14.33 ± 5.57%; p > 0.05). The energy availability values for pre-teens were above the recommended values (>40 kcal/FFM/day) 69.38 ± 14.47 kcal/FFM/day, while those for the teens were much lower (34.7 ± 7.5 kcal/FFM/day). The distribution of the daily energy intake across the macronutrients indicates that both groups ingested less than the recommended level of carbohydrates and more than the recommended level of fat. Very low intakes of calcium and vitamin D among other micronutrients were also noted. The main finding is that teenage gymnasts do not consume as much energy as they need each day, which explains their weight and development. Moreover, they are at a high risk of developing low energy availability that could negatively impact their performance and future health.

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“…A prolonged lack of 25(OH)D can lead to stress fractures in athletes [ 66 , 67 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. Spontaneous insufficiency fractures are caused by normal or physiological stress on weakened bone [ 80 ].…”

Section: Consequences Of a 25(oh)d Deficiency In Sport—stress Fracmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the further course of the disease, osteopenia-caused by a 25(OH)D deficiency-was found to be the cause of the fracture [ 76 ]. If there is a pronounced deficiency in micronutrients such as 25(OH)D in young athletes, growth and development can be severely disturbed [ 77 ]. A rare reason for a stress fracture in a runner could also be hypophosphatasia [ 163 ].…”

Section: Sex and Stress Fracturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures—A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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There are numerous risk factors for stress fractures that have been identified in literature. Among different risk factors, a prolonged lack of vitamin D (25(OH)D) can lead to stress fractures in athletes since 25(OH)D insufficiency is associated with an increased incidence of a fracture. A 25(OH)D value of <75.8 nmol/L is a risk factor for a stress fracture. 25(OH)D deficiency is, however, only one of several potential risk factors. Well-documented risk factors for a stress fracture include female sex, white ethnicity, older age, taller stature, lower aerobic fitness, prior physical inactivity, greater amounts of current physical training, thinner bones, 25(OH)D deficiency, iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and inadequate intake of 25(OH)D and/or calcium. Stress fractures are not uncommon in athletes and affect around 20% of all competitors. Most athletes with a stress fracture are under 25 years of age. Stress fractures can affect every sporty person, from weekend athletes to top athletes. Stress fractures are common in certain sports disciplines such as basketball, baseball, athletics, rowing, soccer, aerobics, and classical ballet. The lower extremity is increasingly affected for stress fractures with the locations of the tibia, metatarsalia and pelvis. Regarding prevention and therapy, 25(OH)D seems to play an important role. Athletes should have an evaluation of 25(OH)D -dependent calcium homeostasis based on laboratory tests of 25-OH-D3, calcium, creatinine, and parathyroid hormone. In case of a deficiency of 25(OH)D, normal blood levels of ≥30 ng/mL may be restored by optimizing the athlete’s lifestyle and, if appropriate, an oral substitution of 25(OH)D. Very recent studies suggested that the prevalence of stress fractures decreased when athletes are supplemented daily with 800 IU 25(OH)D and 2000 mg calcium. Recommendations of daily 25(OH)D intake may go up to 2000 IU of 25(OH)D per day.

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Comparison of body composition and nutrients’ deficiencies between Portuguese rink-hockey players

Cited by 21 publications

References 31 publications

Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

Body Composition, Dietary Intake and the Risk of Low Energy Availability in Elite-Level Competitive Rhythmic Gymnasts

Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures—A Narrative Review

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