Comparison of bismuth trioxide and antimony trioxide as synergists with decabromodiphenyl ether in flame retardancy of high-impact polystyrene

Felix, Taís; Pinto, Orlando P; Peres, Augusto Cesar de Carvalho; Costa, J. M.; Sayer, Cláudia; Morgan, Alexander B.; Araújo, Pedro Hh

doi:10.1177/0734904112456004

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Thermal stability of the polymer is an important characteristic that can get affected by filler loading . Thermal stability of the composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi₂O₃ composites

et al. 2014

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Flexible lead‐free high energy radiation shielding material was developed through internal compounding. Polymer‐filler interaction, crosslinking density, specific gravity, physicomechanical characteristics, percentage attenuation, and thermal stability of the crosslinked composites were estimated. It was found that even at very high filler loading composites can be crosslinked; however, the crosslinking density was composition dependent and was highest in 10–50 wt% loading range at 100 kGy and 200 kGy. The Nielsen model was applied to understand the micromechanics of the system. Attenuation of gamma radiation from Am241 was not affected by the crosslinking density. Thermal stability of the composites was found to be significantly affected with bismuth oxide loading. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:756–762, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi₂O₃ composites

et al. 2014

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“…Antimony oxides and phosphorus compounds are most commonly used as synergists (25)(26)(27), but there are reports of other metal oxides and some boron compounds also serving in this role (25)(26)(27)37,38). The synergists allow for the flame retardant to be more effective at lower loading of the chemical additive, allowing for a better balance of properties and cost.…”

Section: How Flame Retardants Work All Known Flame Retardants Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardants: Overview

Morgan

Worku

2015

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Flame retardants are a class of chemicals utilized to provide fire safety performance to other materials, structures, and devices used in modern society. These chemicals are highly varied in molecular structure and chemistry and work by one of the following three main mechanisms: vapor‐phase combustion inhibition, endothermic cooling, or condensed‐phase char formation. The chemicals in use today fall into seven main chemical groups including halogenated, phosphorus based, mineral fillers, nitrogen based, intumescent materials, inorganic materials, and polymer nanocomposites. In this article, how flame retardants are used, how they work, and when to use them is discussed. From the article, it will be clear that flame retardants are chemicals employed to provide fire protection for specific materials in specific fire risk scenarios. Specifically, while the term “flame retardant” can cover a wide range of materials and chemicals, not all materials called flame retardants are effective in all materials and against all fire threats. Each flame retardant chemical must be tailored for its end use, and in this article, the criteria for flame retardant selection and use will be discussed in a general manner. This article serves as an overview of flame‐retardant technology from how they are used today, what chemistries are used, and what the future of this technology may be. The article is comprehensive in scope about what this chemical technology is, but cannot provide all of the essential details for proper use of these materials in end‐use fire safety applications. Still, guidance is provided in the article to help the reader to understand the breadth of the technology and where to go to learn more, or how to engage intelligently with fire safety engineers and fire safety scientists to develop fire‐safe materials.

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“…Because of toxicities that are better understood, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) in its hexavalent form, mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), and the polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, are restricted by the RoHS Directive on homogeneous materials or components of EEE (including plastic housings and insulation) to concentrations of either 1000 ppm or 100 ppm (Cd only). Note that four phthalate plasticisers are also to be added to the restricted list for EEE products placed on the market from 2019, and that, despite compounds of Sb (and in particular, antimony trioxide, Sb2O3) commonly used as a halogenated flame retardant synergist (Felix et al, 2012), the metalloid itself has not been considered in the directive.…”

Section: Hazardous Additives In Black Plasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution

Turner

2018

Environment International

136

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Black products constitute about 15% of the domestic plastic waste stream, of which the majority is single-use packaging and trays for food. This material is not, however, readily recycled owing to the low sensitivity of black pigments to near infrared radiation used in conventional plastic sorting facilities. Accordingly, there is mounting evidence that the demand for black plastics in consumer products is partly met by sourcing material from the plastic housings of end-of-life waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). Inefficiently sorted WEEE plastic has the potential to introduce restricted and hazardous substances into the recyclate, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Sb, a flame retardant synergist, and the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The current paper examines the life cycles of single-use black food packaging and black plastic WEEE in the context of current international regulations and directives and best practices for sorting, disposal and recycling. The discussion is supported by published and unpublished measurements of restricted substances (including Br as a proxy for BFRs) in food packaging, EEE plastic goods and non-EEE plastic products. Specifically, measurements confirm the linear economy of plastic food packaging and demonstrate a complex quasi-circular economy for WEEE plastic that results in significant and widespread contamination of black consumer goods ranging from thermos cups and cutlery to tool handles and grips, and from toys and games to spectacle frames and jewellery. The environmental impacts and human exposure routes arising from WEEE plastic recycling and contamination of consumer goods are described, including those associated with marine pollution. Regarding the latter, a compilation of elemental data on black plastic litter collected from beaches of southwest England reveals a similar chemical signature to that of contaminated consumer goods and blended plastic WEEE recyclate, exemplifying the pervasiveness of the problem.

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Comparison of bismuth trioxide and antimony trioxide as synergists with decabromodiphenyl ether in flame retardancy of high-impact polystyrene

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi₂O₃ composites

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi₂O₃ composites

Flame Retardants: Overview

Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution

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Comparison of bismuth trioxide and antimony trioxide as synergists with decabromodiphenyl ether in flame retardancy of high-impact polystyrene

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi2O3 composites

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi2O3 composites

Flame Retardants: Overview

Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution

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Product

Resources

About

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi₂O₃ composites

Synthesis of flexible polymeric shielding materials for soft gamma rays: Physicomechanical and attenuation characteristics of radiation crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane/Bi₂O₃ composites