Comparison of ballistic impact effects between biological tissue and gelatin

Jin, Yongxi; Mai, Ruimin; Wan, Cheng; Han, Ruiguo; Li, Bingcang

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.033

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The use of flash X-ray allows a snapshot of what happens within opaque tissue during the ballistic event under study. With knowledge of the timing of imaging in relation to the projectile's position within or outside of the model, measurements of temporary cavity dimensions can be captured, as well as evidence of bone fracture, and yaw of the projectile [15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Flash X-raymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic research techniques: visualizing gunshot wounding patterns

et al. 2020

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There are difficulties associated with mapping gunshot wound (GSW) patterns within opaque models. Depending on the damage measurement parameters required, there are multiple techniques that can provide methods of "seeing" the GSW pattern within an opaque model. The aim of this paper was to test several of these techniques within a cadaveric animal limb model to determine the most effective. The techniques of interest were flash X-ray, ultrasound, physical dissection, and computed-tomography (CT). Fallow deer hind limbs were chosen for the model with four limbs used for each technique tested. Quarantined 7.62 × 39 mm ammunition was used for each shot, and each limb was only shot once, on an outdoor range with shots impacting at muzzle velocity. Flash X-ray provided evidence of yaw within the limb during the projectile's flight; ultrasound though able to visualise the GSW track, was too subjective and was abandoned; dissection proved too unreliable due to the tissue being cadaveric so also too subjective; and lastly, CT with contrast provided excellent imaging in multiple viewing planes and 3D image reconstruction; this allowed versatile measurement of the GSW pattern to collect dimensions of damage as required. Of the different techniques examined in this study, CT with contrast proved the most effective to allow precise GSW pattern analysis within a cadaveric animal limb model. These findings may be beneficial to others wishing to undertake further ballistic study both within clinical and forensic fields.

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Section: Flash X-raymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic research techniques: visualizing gunshot wounding patterns

et al. 2020

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“…The ballistic gelatin was prepared with water (90%) and photographic gelatin (10%, Qinghai Gelatin Company Limited, Qinghai Province, China) to obtain gel strength corresponding to the Bloom value between and 300. The mixture was kept at 60°C in a water bath for three hours, and then poured into molds and transferred to a refrigerator (4°C, 160 kW) for hours before the use [12]. The dimensions of the ballistic gelatin blocks were approximately 300 × 300× 300 mm.…”

Section: Ballistic Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To evaluate the wounding potential of the bullets, attempts have been made to correlate the motion of the temporary cavity with the motion of the bullet [12][13][14][15]. However, the temporary cavity is full of air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Damage Evaluation of Ballistic Gelatin Penetrated by Rigid Bullets

Liu

Ma³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Introduction Terminal performance of a bullet in the human body is critical for the treatment of the wounded person and the optimization of the bullet. The effects of the initial velocity and the initial attack angle of the bullet on the terminal performance needs to be investigated.Methods Ballistic gelatin was used to simulate the human body. Rigid 7.62 mm rifle bullets were fired into the gelatin blocks. The damaged gelatin was analyzed using the proposed expansion method. Relations between the damaged gelatin and the initial velocity, the initial attack angle were obtained using the fitting method.Results The damaged gelatin block could be divided into two parts: the less damaged part and the severely damaged part. The length of the less damaged part depends mostly on the initial attack angle. The average damaged area of this part depends on both the initial attack angle and the initial velocity. The cracks contribute significantly to the total volume of damaged gelatin, particularly when the expansion becomes larger than 1.9 mm. The total damaged gelatin increases with the initial velocity, the initial attack angle and the expansion extent. The increasing rate may diminish if the contribution of the cracks to the damaged gelatin is ignored. Conclusions The expansion method is suitable to investigate the influences of factors of the bullet on the terminal performances. The characteristics of the damaged gelatin have a linear relationship with the initial attack angle and the initial velocity of the bullet.

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“…Gelatine blocks of 10% concentration by mass (conditioned to 4 °C) resulted in DoP to within 3% for selected bullets compared to those in living swine thigh tissue [ 4 , 5 ] and similar DoP to swine torso [ 6 ]. A recent comparison of wounds caused by 4.8 mm diameter ball bearings (1150 ± 5 m/s) in 10% (by mass) gelatine and the legs of anesthetised swine reported similar trajectories in both targets, DoP within 1% and the pattern of temporary cavity formation and collapse being similar, but the maximum size and duration larger (12%) and longer (24%) in gelatine [ 7 ]. Gelatine blocks of 20% (by mass, usually conditioned to 10 °C) are used by some in the wound ballistic testing community and are often referred to as “NATO gelatine” [ 8 – 11 ].…”

Section: Why Are Gelatine Blocks Used For Wound Ballistics Studies?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of gelatine in wound ballistics research

2018

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Blocks of gelatine are used in both lethality and survivability studies for broadly the same reason, i.e. comparison of ammunition effects using a material that it is assumed represents (some part of) the human body. The gelatine is used to visualise the temporary and permanent wound profiles; elements of which are recognised as providing a reasonable approximation to wounding in humans. One set of researchers aim to improve the lethality of the projectile, and the other to understand the effects of the projectile on the body to improve survivability. Research areas that use gelatine blocks are diverse and include ammunition designers, the medical and forensics communities and designers of ballistic protective equipment (including body armour). This paper aims to provide an overarching review of the use of gelatine for wound ballistics studies; it is not intended to provide an extensive review of wound ballistics as that already exists, e.g. Legal Med 23:21–29, 2016. Key messages are that test variables, projectile type (bullet, fragmentation), impact site on the body and intermediate layers (e.g. clothing, personal protective equipment (PPE)) can affect the resulting wound profiles.

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Comparison of ballistic impact effects between biological tissue and gelatin

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Ballistic research techniques: visualizing gunshot wounding patterns

Ballistic research techniques: visualizing gunshot wounding patterns

Damage Evaluation of Ballistic Gelatin Penetrated by Rigid Bullets

The use of gelatine in wound ballistics research

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