“…In the years since Lombard's initial discovery, the relationship between increased noise level and vocalization amplitude has come to be known mainly as the 'Lombard effect' (but is also referred to as: the Lombard sign, function, reflex, phenomenon, response, or reaction) (Egan, 1967;Brumm & Zollinger, 2011). Lombard's results have been used as a diagnostic test for unilateral deafness, false or exaggerated hearing loss ('pseudohypacusis'), and other hearing pathologies (Lane & Tranel, 1971;Nober & Simmons, 1981;Brumm & Zollinger, 2011), and to develop speech recognition technologies (Junqua, 1993(Junqua, , 1996Junqua, Fincke & Field, 1999). Such practical applications have generated high levels of interest from medical professionals and software engineers, leading to detailed understanding of specific characteristics of the Lombard effect in humans.…”