“…Impact of Event Scale: Scores on the IES measured the level of stress a situation might cause, as well as two distinct responses to stress: intrusion (the preoccupation with stressful events in thoughts, dreams, and feelings) and avoidance (evading feelings or reminders of a stressful situation) (Kvaal, Engedal, & Ulstein, 2013). Eleven of the participants had scores in the category of no meaningful impact category, three in mild impact of event, five in powerful impact, and one in severe impact.…”