Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. I. Chemical defense

Burns, Edward C.; Ilan, Micha

doi:10.3354/meps252105

Cited by 75 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…The results of this study, together with results in Burns et al (2003), suggest that predation behavior of the 2 wrasse species varies and could be attributed to different mechanisms. Most of the Caribbean reef sponge species examined by Pawlik et al (1995) were found to be chemically defended, whereas less then half of the Red Sea sponges we examined (Burns et al 2003) showed such defense.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. II. Physical defense

Burns¹,

Ilan²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In addition to the commonly used chemical defense mechanism against predation, sessile organisms such as terrestrial plants, soft corals and seaweeds are known to have a physical defense mechanism comprising structural elements made of lignin, CaCO 3 , silica, etc. Most sponges have siliceous spicules that play a key role as skeletal elements. To date, there has been no evidence to show that these spicules also play a role in defense against predation. It is known that low nutritional value of a prey may make it less susceptible to predation. The siliceous spicules found in sponges are indigestible to predators and so sponges that produce large amounts of these spicules may be less susceptible to predation due to their low nutritional value. In the present study, we tested the physical defenses of 6 Red Sea sponge species and 6 Caribbean sponge species against the generalist Red Sea wrasse Thalassoma klunzingeri. Physical defense of the 6 species collected in the Red Sea was also tested using the Caribbean wrasse T. bifasciatum. The spicules of 4 out of the 6 Red Sea sponges deterred predation by T. klunzingeri. Two out of the 6 Caribbean sponges were found to deter predation by T. klunzingeri. In assays conducted in the Bahamas on the Caribbean wrasse T. bifasciatum, only 1 Red Sea sponge species, Suberites clavatus, was found to be physically defended by its spicules. A positive correlation was found between the size of the spicules and their ability to deter predation by T. klunzingeri. Only spicules larger than ~250 µm deterred predation. On the other hand, T. bifasciatum seemed to be deterred based on reduced nutritional quality resulting from high concentration of spicules in a sponge, irrespective of their size. The combination of Crella cyatophora spicules and crude chemical extract deterred predation to a greater extent than that observed for each defense mechanism separately. This finding most probably indicates an additive mechanism of defense used by this sponge species.KEY WORDS: Porifera · Physical defense · Spicules · Skeleton · Fish · Secondary metabolites Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Paul 1992, Pawlik 1993, Burns et al 2003. In contrast, the role of sponge structural elements (spicules and spongin fibers) in defense against predation is in doubt (Dayton et al 1974, Pawlik 1983, Meylan 1988.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. II. Physical defense

Burns¹,

Ilan²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…it has been shown that many of the bioactive compounds have an antipredatory function (e.g. Chanas and Pawlik, 1995;Pawlik et al, 1995;Becerro et al, 2003;Burns et al, 2003). occasionally, although rarely, an allelopathic function has been documented (Porter and Targett, 1988;Turon et al, 1996a;Thacker et al, 1998;engel and Pawlik, 2000).…”

Section: Scientia Marina 73(2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical bioactivity of sponges along an environmental gradient in a Mediterranean cave

Turon¹,

Martí²,

Uriz³

2009

Sci. Mar.

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SuMMarY: The bioactivity of the most abundant sponges from three communities in a Mediterranean cave was assessed by Microtox ® assay in two seasons, spring (June) and autumn (november). We quantified bioactivity as a proxy for the investment in production of biologically active substances, and we related sponge bioactivity to growth form, growth rates, and physical contacts of each species with other species. We established a threshold for classifying a species as bioactive based on a comparison between the results of the Microtox ® and the sea urchin embryo toxicity bioassay. a total of 30 species were included in the study, of which 50% were bioactive in some community or season. Significant ecological (between communities) and seasonal variation in mean bioactivity was found. When sponge bioactivity was related to sponge growth shape, it was found that the encrusting species tended to be more toxic than the non-encrusting ones. There was a negative relationship between bioactivity and sponge growth, suggesting a trade-off in energy allocation to defence and to other biological functions. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between bioactivity and positive associations with other species. These results highlight the important role of chemically-mediated interactions in cave communities.Keywords: sponges, bioactivity, natural toxicity, Microtox ® assay, temporal variation, ecological variation, caves, western Mediterranean.reSuMen: Bioactividad química de las esponjas a lo largo de un gradiente ambiental en una cueva mediterránea. -La bioactividad de las esponjas más abundantes en tres comunidades a lo largo de una cueva mediterránea fue cuantificada por medio del bioensayo Microtox ® en dos estaciones, primavera (junio) y otoño (noviembre). La bioactividad medida se usó como una aproximación a la inversión en producción de sustancias bioactivas, y se relacionó la bioactividad de las esponjas con su morfología, tasas de crecimiento, y contactos de cada especie con otras. Se estableció un umbral para determinar si una especie es bioactiva mediante una comparación entre el test Microtox ® y el test de biotoxicidad en embriones de erizo. en total se estudiaron 30 especies, de las que un 50% fue bioactivo en alguna comunidad o estación del año. Se encontraron importantes diferencias ecológicas (entre comunidades) y estacionales en la bioactividad media. Cuando se relacionó la bioactividad con la morfología de las esponjas se encontró que las esponjas incrustantes tendían a ser más tóxicas que las de otras morfologías. Se detectó una correlación negativa entre bioactividad y crecimiento, lo que sugiere un balance entre inversión de energía en defensa y en otras funciones. Por otro lado, se encontró una correlación negativa entre bioactividad y las asociaciones positivas con otras especies. estos resultados ponen de manifiesto el importante papel de las interacciones mediadas por sustancias químicas en comunidades de cuevas.Palabras clave: bioactividad, toxicidad natural, bioensayo Microtox ® , variación t...

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“…The storage of biologically active secondary metabolites by marine invertebrates is frequently related to their ecological success, in spite of their exposition to predation, infestation by microbial pathogens, overgrowth, fouling and competition for space and nutrients (reviewed in Amsler et al, 2001;Blunt et al, 2007;Faulkner et al, 2004;Lindquist, 2002;Paul, 1992;Pawlik, 1993;Stachowicz, 2001). Marine sponges, ascidians, soft-bodied cnidaria and bryozoans are representative groups of marine invertebrates which are chemically defended against predators (for selected examples, see Aceret et al, 2001;Becerro et al, 1998;Burns et al, 2003;Chanas et al, 1996;Epifanio et al, 1999a;Epifanio et al, 1999b;Kubanek et al, 2002;Lindel et al, 2000;Lindquist, 1996;Marin et al, 1998;McClintock and Baker, 1997;O'Neal and Pawlik, 2002;Pawlik et al, 1995;Pisut and Pawlik, 2002;Stachowicz and Lindquist, 1997;Van Alstyne et al, 1994;Vervoort et al, 1998;Waddell and Pawlik, 2000), fouling (Becerro et al, 1997;Bhosale et al, 2002;Hattori et al, 2001;Henrikson and Pawlik, 1995;Kelly et al, 2003;Wahl et al, 1994), larval settlement (reviewed in Davis et al, 1989;Fusetani, 1997;Martín and Uriz, 1993;Pawlik, 1992) and solar UV radiation (Bandaranayake et...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory activity of crude extracts from Brazilian marine invertebrates

Seleghim¹,

Lira²,

Kossuga³

et al. 2007

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. I. Chemical defense

Cited by 75 publications

References 63 publications

Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. II. Physical defense

Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. II. Physical defense

Chemical bioactivity of sponges along an environmental gradient in a Mediterranean cave

Antibiotic, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory activity of crude extracts from Brazilian marine invertebrates

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