Comparison of Anti-Obesity Effect between Two Types of Syrup Containing Rare Sugars in Wistar Rats

Abstract

Summary d-Allulose-containing rare sugar sweeteners have been categorized into two types, rare sugar syrup (RSS), consisting of 4 rare monosaccharides, and modified glucose syrup (MGS), rich in d-allulose, which was previously referred to d-psicose. The anti-obesity effect of RSS and d-allulose has been already clarified, but that of rare monosaccharides other than d-allulose in RSS has not yet been well understood. Here, we investigated and compared the anti-obesity effect of RSS and MGS in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 dietary groups: a high-sucrose control diet group (S), a high-fructose corn syrup diet group (HFCS), an RSS diet group (RSS), and an MGS diet group (MGS). RSS significantly suppressed abdominal adipose tissue weight and total body fat accumulation in comparison to sucrose. On the other hand, MGS reduced body weight gain, but not abdominal fat accumulation, relative to sucrose. The weight of the liver and kidneys was significantly higher in the RSS and MGS groups than in the S and HFCS groups, but serum biochemical parameters and hepatic lipids contents were not significantly different among the groups. The present study shows that two types of d-allulose-containing rare sugar sweeteners can suppress body fat accumulation or weight gain in a different manner and that RSS could be used as more effective sweeteners in place of sucrose and HFCS to maintain healthy body weight.

Rare sugars: metabolic impacts and mechanisms of action: a scoping review

“…A further 6 studies induced obesity and hyperglycaemia in wildtype animals by feeding high-sucrose or high-fat diets. Of these, three found no significant differences in blood glucose or insulin with PSI (61; 62) or RSS (63) feeding. Reductions in fasting blood glucose were reported in two studies feeding PSI to mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) (41; 42) , and Pongkan et al (64) , found significant reductions in fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance when PSI was fed to obese Wistar rats.…”

“…Han 2020 (44) + Choi 2018 (71) *+ Hossain 2011 (43) Itoh 2015 (46) Kim 2017 (73) + Ochiai 2013 (62) Ochiai 2017 (63) +* PSI Chen (48) *+# Chen (49) *+ Improved plasma lipid profile TAG Ensor 2015 (40) PSI TAG Han 2016 (42) +, 2020 (44) +, 2020 (45) + Baek 2010 (58) Choi 2018 (71) *+ Do 2019 (41) + Ochiai 2013 (62) Hossain 2015 (60) Kim 2017 (73) + Kanasaki 2019 (61) *+ Williams 2015 (91) *+ PSI Chen (48) *+# Chen (49) *+ Reduced hepatic lipid accumulation PSI Han 2016 (42) +, 2020 (44) +, 2020 (45) + Do 2019 (41) + Hossain 2011 (43) PSI Chen (49) *+ ALL Itoh 2015 (46) Yamamoto 2017 (27) Improved gut microbiome PSI TAG Han 2020 (44) +, 2020 (45) + Son 2019 (47) Reduced inflammation PSI TAG…”

“…Ochiai 2017 (63) *, ‡ Improved plasma lipid profile TAG Ensor 2015 (40) PSI Han 2016 (42) ‡, 2020 (44) ‡, 2020 (45) ‡ PSI Chen 2017 (48) *, ‡, †, Chen 2019 (49) *, ‡ Baek 2010 (58) Choi 2018 (71) *, ‡ Do 2019 (41) ‡ Ochiai 2013 (62) Hossain 2015 (60) Kim 2017 (73) ‡ Kanasaki 2019 (61) *, ‡ TAG Williams 2015 (91) *, ‡ Reduced hepatic lipid accumulation PSI Han 2016 (42) ‡, 2020 (44) ‡, 2020 (45) ‡ PSI Chen 2019 (49) *, ‡ Do 2019 (41) ‡ Hossain 2011 (43) Itoh 2015 (46) ALL Yamamoto 2017 (27) Improved gut microbiome PSI Han 2020 (44) ‡, 2020 (45) ‡ TAG Son 2019 (47) Reduced inflammation PSI Han 2020 (45) ‡ TAG Son 2019 (47) Improved oxidative status PSI Pratchayasakul 2020 (50) † PSI Chen 2017 (48) *, ‡, †, Chen 2019 (49) *, ‡ PEBG, postprandial elevation of blood glucose. * Indicates studies in which there was a possible energy deficit in the experimental group.…”

“…Of the twenty-seven animal studies where rare sugars were fed as part of the diet (typically 2-5 % for PSI, RSS, ALL or SOR, 30 % for TAG) or in drinking water (1-2 % solution) for periods of 4 weeks or more, twenty-two studies found significant reductions in body weight with rare sugar consumption (see Table 1). In eighteen of the studies, where adipose tissue mass was an outcome measure, significant reductions were reported in seventeen studies (41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)48,49,59,62,63,66,(71)(72)(73)(74) . Many of these studies were designed to reduce or eliminate the effect of differences in energetic intake, either using a paired-feeding approach or feeding isoenergetic diets and carefully monitoring feed intake, but in some cases there was an energy deficit in rare-sugar-fed animals.…”

“…Alterations in lipid metabolism. One consistently observed in vivo effect of rare sugar consumption, in both animals and humans, is a reduction in BFP and adipose tissue weight (36,39,(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)48,49,59,62,63,66,(71)(72)(73)(74) . Several animal studies have also reported a protective effect of rare sugars against the hepatic steatosis that results from a high-fat diet (27,(41)(42)(43)45,46,49,82) .…”