Comparison of Anatomy and Composition Distribution between Normal and Compression Wood of <i>Pinus Bungeana</i> Zucc. Revealed by Microscopic Imaging Techniques

Zhang, Zhiheng; Ma, Jianfeng; Ji, Zhe; Xu, Feng

doi:10.1017/s1431927612013451

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Measurement instruments used in past studies have had the following features. Confocal Raman microscope, which obtains composite information, cannot distinguish the construction elements of a wood cell wall due to its low resolution [13]. SEM and TEM have higher resolutions than Raman microscopes but only in measuring topography; therefore, they cannot distinguish between cellulose microfibril, hemicellulose, and lignin on the basis of their configurations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Wood Cell Walls with a Scanning Probe Microscope

Yamashita¹,

Yoshida²,

Matsuo³

et al. 2016

MSA

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Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs) observe specimen surfaces with probes by detecting the physical amount of a material between the cantilever and the surface. SPMs have a high resolution and can measure mechanical characteristics such as stiffness, adsorptive properties, and viscoelasticity. These features make it easy to identify the surface structure of complex materials; therefore, the use of SPMs has increased in recent years. Wood cell walls are primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It is believed that hemicellulose and lignin surround the cellulose framework; however, their detailed formation remains unknown. Therefore, we observed wood cell walls via scanning probe microscopy to try to reveal the formation of the cellulose framework. We determined that the size of the cellulose microfibril bundle and hemicellulose lignin module composite was 18.48 nm based on topography and that the size of the cellulose microfibril bundle was 15.33 nm based on phase images. In the viscoelasticity image, we found that the viscoelasticities of each cell wall of the same cell were not the same. This is because the cellulose microfibrils in each cell wall lean in different directions. The angle between the leaning of the cellulose microfibril and the cantilever affects the viscoelasticity measurement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Wood Cell Walls with a Scanning Probe Microscope

Yamashita¹,

Yoshida²,

Matsuo³

et al. 2016

MSA

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“…Raman spectroscopy is an important method for investigating various plant tissues because it provides molecular level information on composition and structure of cellular components (Atalla and Agarwal, 1985; Agarwal and Ralph, 1997, 2007; Agarwal, 2006; Gierlinger and Schwanninger, 2006; Agarwal et al, 2010, 2013a; Gierlinger et al, 2010; Schmidt et al, 2010; Hänninen et al, 2011; Sun et al, 2011; Zhanga et al, 2012). This is in contrast to techniques like light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) which provide only morphological information of a material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1064 nm FT-Raman spectroscopy for investigations of plant cell walls and other biomass materials

Agarwal

2014

Front. Plant Sci.

124

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Raman spectroscopy with its various special techniques and methods has been applied to study plant biomass for about 30 years. Such investigations have been performed at both macro- and micro-levels. However, with the availability of the Near Infrared (NIR) (1064 nm) Fourier Transform (FT)-Raman instruments where, in most materials, successful fluorescence suppression can be achieved, the utility of the Raman investigations has increased significantly. Moreover, the development of several new capabilities such as estimation of cellulose-crystallinity, ability to analyze changes in cellulose conformation at the local and molecular level, and examination of water-cellulose interactions have made this technique essential for research in the field of plant science. The FT-Raman method has also been applied to research studies in the arenas of biofuels and nanocelluloses. Moreover, the ability to investigate plant lignins has been further refined with the availability of near-IR Raman. In this paper, we present 1064-nm FT-Raman spectroscopy methodology to investigate various compositional and structural properties of plant material. It is hoped that the described studies will motivate the research community in the plant biomass field to adapt this technique to investigate their specific research needs.

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“…This has enabled researchers to visualize the ultrastructure of plant cell walls. In addition, confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM) has also been successfully applied to acquire information on the preferential orientation of plant polymer functional groups based on their responses to the intensities of characteristic bands that change with polarization of incident exciting radiation relative to the fiber axis (Agarwal & Atalla, 1986;Gierlinger et al, 2010;Richter et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2012;Ma et al, 2013Ma et al, , 2014Slavov et al, 2013). However, although these approaches have been comprehensively used to obtain new information on cell wall architecture, until now, the highly complex and dynamic nature of the plant cell wall has limited our ability to generate detailed structural models using any one approach alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Insight into Cell Wall Architecture ofMicanthus sinensiscv. using Correlative Microscopy Approaches

Lv²,

Yang

et al. 2015

Microsc Microanal

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Structural organization of the plant cell wall is a key parameter for understanding anisotropic plant growth and mechanical behavior. Four imaging platforms were used to investigate the cell wall architecture of Miscanthus sinensis cv. internode tissue. Using transmission electron microscopy with potassium permanganate, we found a great degree of inhomogeneity in the layering structure (4-9 layers) of the sclerenchymatic fiber (Sf). However, the xylem vessel showed a single layer. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that the cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) deposited in the primary wall of the protoxylem vessel (Pxv) were disordered, while the secondary wall was composed of Mfs oriented in parallel in the cross and longitudinal section. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy images indicated no variation in the Mf orientation of Pxv and the Mfs in Pxv were oriented more perpendicular to the cell axis than that of Sfs. Based on the integrated results, we have proposed an architectural model of Pxv composed of two layers: an outermost primary wall composed of a meshwork of Mfs and inner secondary wall containing parallel Mfs. This proposed model will support future ultrastructural analysis of plant cell walls in heterogeneous tissues, an area of increasing scientific interest particularly for liquid biofuel processing.

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Comparison of Anatomy and Composition Distribution between Normal and Compression Wood of Pinus Bungeana Zucc. Revealed by Microscopic Imaging Techniques

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Observations of Wood Cell Walls with a Scanning Probe Microscope

Observations of Wood Cell Walls with a Scanning Probe Microscope

1064 nm FT-Raman spectroscopy for investigations of plant cell walls and other biomass materials

Structural Insight into Cell Wall Architecture ofMicanthus sinensiscv. using Correlative Microscopy Approaches

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