Comparison of age of peak swimming speed in elite backstroke swimmers at national and international level

Kollarz, C; Knechtle, Beat; Rst, CA; Rosemann, Thomas; Lepers, Romuald

doi:10.13172/2053-2040-1-2-911

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Schulz and Curnow ( 1988 ) described the age of Olympic gold medal winners to be remarkably stable from 1896 to 1980. However, a wide range of different ages in peak freestyle swimming performance was reported in recent studies (Schulz and Curnow 1988 ; Tanaka and Seals 1997 ; Fairbrother 2007a , [ b ]; Berthelot et al 2012 ; Buhl et al 2013a ; Kollarz et al 2013b ; Rüst et al 2014 ; Allen et al 2014 ; see also Tables 1 and 2 ). In addition, a difference in the age of peak swimming performance between athletes competing at national and international level was observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Any information that is reliable and valid is of major interest to the athletes and their support (Issurin et al 2008 ). Therefore, a large number of investigations were performed to expand the knowledge of peak performance and the age of peak performance in many different sports disciplines such as running (Schulz and Curnow 1988 ; Berthelot et al 2012 ; Lepers and Cattagni 2012 ), cycling (Schulz and Curnow 1988 ; Zingg et al 2013 ), swimming (Schulz and Curnow 1988 ; Tanaka and Seals 1997 ; Rüst et al 2012 , 2014 ; Buhl et al 2013b ; Kollarz et al 2013a , [ b ]; Vaso et al 2013 ; Wolfrum et al 2013 ; Allen et al 2014 ; Zingg et al 2014a ) and triathlon (Stiefel et al 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a very recent study, Allen et al ( 2014 ) described the age of individual peak swimming performance in top 16 swimmers competing in the Olympic Games in 2008 or 2012. More studies were done in the field of the age of peak swimming performance, but most of them focused on freestyle (Berthelot et al 2012 ; Buhl et al 2013b ; Kollarz et al 2013b ; Wolfrum et al 2013 ; Rüst et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, a difference in the age of peak swimming performance between athletes competing at national and international level was observed. For example, Kollarz et al ( 2013b ) showed in their cross-sectional analysis of elite freestyle and backstroke swimmers competing between 1994 and 2011 that the age of peak swimming performance was more stable across the years for men competing in 50 m freestyle at international than at national level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concerning the level of the investigated athletes, several studies examined the age of peak swimming performance in swimmers competing at national level and for specific swimming strokes such as freestyle (Tanaka and Seals 1997 ; Wolfrum et al 2013 ; Buhl et al 2013b ; Donato et al 2003 ; Rüst et al 2014 ), breaststroke (Koch-Ziegenbein et al 2013 ; Wolfrum et al 2013 ), backstroke (Kollarz et al 2013a , [ b ]), butterfly (Zingg et al 2014b , [ c ]), and individual medley (Buhl et al 2013b ; Vaso et al 2013 ). However, the information about the age of peak swimming performance with its change is missing for swimmers competing at world class level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 – a cross-sectional data analysis

et al. 2014

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The aims of the present study were to investigate the changes in the age and in swimming performance of finalists in World Championships (1994–2013) and Olympic Games (1992–2012) competing in all events/races (stroke and distance). Data of 3,295 performances from 1,615 women and 1,680 men were analysed using correlation analyses and magnitudes of effect sizes. In the World Championships, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 200 m backstroke in women, and 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men where the age of the finalists decreased. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 2.8 ± 2.7), but extremely large (13.38) for 1,500 m freestyle in women. In the Olympic Games, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 4.1 ± 7.1), but extremely large for 50 m freestyle in women (10.5) and 200 m butterfly in men (38.0). Swimming performance increased across years in both women and men for all strokes and distances in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games. The magnitudes of the effects were all extremely large in World Championships (mean ± SD 20.1 ± 8.4) and Olympic Games (mean ± SD 52.1 ± 47.6); especially for 100 m and 200 m breaststroke (198) in women in the Olympic Games. To summarize, in the last ~20 years the age of the finalists increased in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games with some minor exceptions (200 m backstroke in women, 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men in World Championships and 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men in Olympic Games) and performance of the finalists improved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 – a cross-sectional data analysis

et al. 2014

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Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m

Rüst

Rosemann

Knechtle³

2014

SpringerPlus

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Recent studies reported different ages for peak freestyle swimming performances for 50 m and 1,500 m. The aims of the present study were (i) to determine the age of peak freestyle swimming speed for distances including 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, and 1,500 m and to (ii) analyze the sex difference in peak freestyle swimming speed for all distances between 50 m and 1,500 m for elite female and male swimmers competing at national level. Data from the ‘Swiss Swimming Federation’ between 2006 and 2010 from 10,405 men and 9,552 women were analyzed using regression analyses and analyses of variance (ANOVA). Women achieved peak freestyle swimming speed at ~20–21 years from 50 m to 400 m, at ~24–25 years in 1,500 m and at ~25–27 years in 800 m. In men, the age of peak freestyle swimming speed varied between ~22–23 years and ~25–27 years for 50 m to 1,500 m. Between the age of 10 and 29 years, the sex difference in freestyle swimming speed increased from 2.2 ± 0.4% to 19.0 ± 6.7% in 50 m (r2 = 0.87, P < 0.001), from 2.4 ± 0.7% to 10.8 ± 2.8% in 100 m (r2 = 0.67, P = 0.004) and from 3.6 ± 1.9% to 10.2 ± 3.4% in 200 m (r2 = 0.60, P = 0.008). In 400 m (r2 = 0.24), 800 m (r2 = 0.39) and 1,500 m (r2 = 0.34), the sex difference showed no changes (P > 0.05) with 6.9 ± 3.0%, 5.8 ± 3.5%, and 9.7 ± 8.6%, respectively. The sex difference in freestyle swimming speed showed no change with increasing race distance (r2 = 0.12, P > 0.05). To summarize, the age of peak freestyle swimming speed increased for women with the length of the race distance from 50 m to 200 m, but not from 400 m to 1,500 m. For men, the age of peak freestyle swimming speed varied between ~22–23 years and ~25–27 years from 50 m to 1,500 m. The sex difference in freestyle swimming speed of 9.1 ± 2.5% showed no change with increasing race distance. Future studies need to confirm these findings in elite swimmers competing at international level such as the World Championships and the Olympic Games.

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Increased participation and improved performance in age group backstroke master swimmers from 25–29 to 100–104 years at the FINA World Masters Championships from 1986 to 2014

et al. 2016

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Participation and performance trends in age group athletes have been investigated for different sport disciplines, but not for master swimmers. The knowledge on this topic is still missing for a particular stroke such as backstroke. Changes in participation and performance of male and female age group backstroke swimmers (≥25 years) competing in 50, 100 and 200 m pool swimming at the FINA World Masters Championships held between 1986 and 2014 were investigated using mixed-effects regression analyses. The overall participation was n = 26,217 including n = 13,708 women and n = 12,509 men. In 50 m, female (age groups 85–89 years; p = 0.002) and male participation (age groups 55–59; p = 0.030 and 80–84 years; p = 0.002) increased, while female participation decreased in age groups 55–59 (p = 0.010) and 60–64 years (p = 0.050). In 100 and 200 m, participation increased in age groups 45–49, 50–54, 65–69, 70–74, 80–84 years. Swimmers in age groups 25–29 to 95–99 years improved performance over all distances. Women were slower than men in age groups 25–29 to 80–84 years, but not in age groups 85–89 to 95–99 years over all distances. In 50 m and 100 m, the sex difference decreased in age groups 40–44 (p = 0.007 and p = 0.005), 45–49 (p = 0.017 and p = 0.034), 50–54 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.040), to 55–59 years (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004). In 200 m, the sex difference decreased in age groups 40–44 (p = 0.044) and 90–94 (p = 0.011), but increased in age group 25–29 years (p = 0.006). In summary, in age group backstroke swimmers, (1) participation increased or remained unchanged (except women in age groups 55–59 and 60–64 years in 50 m), (2) swimming performance improved in all age groups from 25–29 to 95–99 years over all distances, (3) men were faster than women in age groups 25–29 to 80–84 years (except age groups 85–89 to 95–99 years) over time and all distances.

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Comparison of age of peak swimming speed in elite backstroke swimmers at national and international level

Cited by 8 publications

References 51 publications

Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 – a cross-sectional data analysis

Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 – a cross-sectional data analysis

Sex difference in age and performance in elite Swiss freestyle swimmers competing from 50 m to 1,500 m

Increased participation and improved performance in age group backstroke master swimmers from 25–29 to 100–104 years at the FINA World Masters Championships from 1986 to 2014

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