Comparison of Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Maprotiline in Water—Kinetics, Degradation Products and Potential Ecotoxicity

Abstract

The impact of different oxidation processes on the maprotiline degradation pathways was investigated by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) experiments. The in-house SPIX software was used to process HRMS data allowing to ensure the potential singular species formed. Semiconductors photocatalysts, namely Fe-ZnO, Ce-ZnO and TiO2, proved to be more efficient than heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and persulfate. No significant differences were observed in the degradation pathways in the presence of photocatalysis, while the SO4− mediated process promote the formation of different transformation products (TPs). Species resulting from ring-openings were observed with higher persistence in the presence of SO4−. In-silico tests on mutagenicity, developmental/reproductive toxicity, Fathead minnow LC50, D. magna LC50, fish acute LC50 were carried out to estimate the toxicity of the identified transformation products. Low toxicant properties were estimated for TPs resulting from hydroxylation onto bridge rather than onto aromatic rings, as well as those resulting from the ring-opening.

An Overview of Degradation Strategies for Amitriptyline

“…Maprotiline (MPT) can be regarded as either a TCA or tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA), and it has been shown to be unstable under doubled ICH conditions (400 W m −2 and 2.4 × 10 6 lx h) [2]. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) (Acquity HPLC system, Water Technologies, Guyancourt, France, coupled with a Bruker SolarixXR FT-ICR 9.4 T MS instrument, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) showed that MPT degradation using semiconductor photocatalysts (Fe-ZnO, Ce-ZnO, TiO 2 ) was more efficient than heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes (H 2 O 2 , persulfate) [102]. Significant bioaccumulation (170 µg/kg) of MPT was observed in blue mussels with the formation of 12 intermediates resulting from hydroxylation/oxidation and ring opening [102].…”

“…Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) (Acquity HPLC system, Water Technologies, Guyancourt, France, coupled with a Bruker SolarixXR FT-ICR 9.4 T MS instrument, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) showed that MPT degradation using semiconductor photocatalysts (Fe-ZnO, Ce-ZnO, TiO 2 ) was more efficient than heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes (H 2 O 2 , persulfate) [102]. Significant bioaccumulation (170 µg/kg) of MPT was observed in blue mussels with the formation of 12 intermediates resulting from hydroxylation/oxidation and ring opening [102]. Nortriptyline was detected as an effluent from WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants) in concentrations of about 13 ng/L [2] or 66 (effluents)-2092 ng/L (influents, UK) [6].…”

Use of the UNIFAC model in the calculation of physicochemical properties of ecotoxicants for technological and ecoanalytical purposes

“…All these physicochemical properties were studied only for a number of ecotoxicants, since some substances are either extremely difficult to separate in pure form, or they have not yet been synthesized. There are a large number of isomers and homologues for ecotoxicants, which are also toxic [5,6]. An urgent problem is the development of methods for predicting the physicochemical properties of individual compounds based on their presumed structure.…”

Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Solution for a Greener Earth

“…In another contribution [15], Gonçalves et al investigated the impact of different oxidation processes on the maprotiline degradation pathways via liquid chromatography-highresolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) experiments. Semiconductors photocatalysts-namely, Fe-ZnO, Ce-ZnO, and TiO 2 -proved to be more efficient than heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and persulfate.…”