Comparison of adaptive and innate immune responses induced by licensed vaccines for human papillomavirus

Seropositivity to non-vaccine incorporated genotypes induced by the bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Three studies [14,16,19] included adolescent girls at the approximate target age for vaccination (11 -15 years old) while four studies [15,17,18,20,22,23] included women over 18 years of age.…”

“…Two studies [16,19] collected serum from adolescent girls taking part in national vaccination programmes, while five studies [14,15,17,18,20,22,23] collected serum from individuals in the context of a vaccination trial. Post-vaccination seropositivity was assessed at month 7 (1 month post third vaccine dose; M7) [14,17,18,20,22,23], month 12 (6 months post third vaccine dose; M12) [14-16, 18, 20, 23], or in one study [19], using data collected between month 7 and month 12. All studies [14-20, 22, 23] evaluated Cervarix® vaccinees while five studies [14, 17-20, 22, 23] also included Gardasil® vaccinees.…”

“…10% of cervical cancers [3]. Cross-neutralizing antibodies can be detected in the serum and, in one study, the genital secretions of vaccinees [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. These data are derived from relatively small immunogenicity studies, using one or both vaccines and carried out in different age groups, factors that may affect interpretation of whether the detection of such antibodies may be useful as a correlate or surrogate of vaccine-induced cross-protection.…”

Progress in HPV vaccination in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries

“…Numerous clinical trials of quadrivalent (HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18) and bivalent (HPV types 16, 18) HPV vaccines demonstrated nearly 100% prophylactic efficacy against vaccine type persistent infections and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), the necessary precursors to cervical cancer, leading to approval and commercial availability. These vaccines have proven to be long‐lasting against both infection and disease clinical endpoints, eliciting very high antibody levels and avidity suggestive of enduring protection . Longitudinal studies of the bivalent HPV vaccine suggest it confers high levels of cross‐protection against HPV types not targeted by the vaccine .…”

“…Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been available since 2006.Numerousclinicaltrialsofquadrivalent(HPVtypes6, 11,16,18) and bivalent (HPV types 16,18) HPV vaccines demonstrated nearly 100% prophylactic efficacy against vaccine type persistent infections and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), the necessaryprecursorstocervicalcancer, 1-3 leadingtoapprovalandcommercial availability.Thesevaccines have proven tobelong-lasting against both infection and disease clinical endpoints, 4,5 eliciting veryhighantibodylevelsandaviditysuggestiveofenduringprotection. [6][7][8] LongitudinalstudiesofthebivalentHPVvaccinesuggestit confershighlevelsofcross-protectionagainstHPVtypesnottargeted by the vaccine. 9 In addition to primary safety assessments conductedasapartoftheoriginalefficacytrials, 10 expertagencies have maintained vigilant post-licensure monitoring of the safety of HPV vaccines, with recent reviews conducted in 2015 by the EuropeanMedicinesAgencyandbytheGlobalAdvisoryCommittee onVaccineSafetyoftheWHO,confirmingthecontinuedsafetyof theiruse.…”