Comparison of a Wearable Tracker with Actigraph for Classifying Physical Activity Intensity and Heart Rate in Children

Kang, Seoungki; Kim, Youngdeok; Byun, Wonwoo; Suk, JinSu; Lee, Jung Min

doi:10.3390/ijerph16152663

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…ActiGraph GT3X + (ActiGraph Inc) was most used as a comparison device in free-living settings [ 20 , 39 , 40 ], with both ActiGraph GT9X [ 40 ] and Actiwatch-64 (Philips Respironics) [ 38 ] being used in one study. In controlled settings, WAMs were compared with ActiGraph GT3X+ in 2 studies [ 42 , 44 ], whereas direct observation [ 41 ] and a portable indirect calorimeter (Cosmed K4B2; Cosmed Inc) [ 43 ] were used in one study each. Consumer-grade WAMs were worn on the nondominant wrist (6/8, 75%), dominant wrist (2/8, 25%), or the hip (2/8, 25%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In free-living settings, 3 studies were evaluated as being of high quality [ 20 , 39 , 40 ], whereas in controlled settings there were 2 studies of high quality [ 41 , 43 ]. All studies scored excellent or good on more than half of the COSMIN risk of bias components, although 3 of the studies could not be considered high quality [ 38 , 42 , 44 ]. The only study carried out in both free-living and controlled settings [ 44 ] had the lowest number of excellent or good scores (5/8, 62%) and also scored poorly on 2 components (ie, adequate sample size and acceptable accuracy metrics).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accuracy and Precision of Consumer-Grade Wearable Activity Monitors for Assessing Time Spent in Sedentary Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review

Martinko¹,

Karuc²,

Jurić³

et al. 2022

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

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Background A large number of wearable activity monitor models are released and used each year by consumers and researchers. As more studies are being carried out on children and adolescents in terms of sedentary behavior (SB) assessment, knowledge about accurate and precise monitoring devices becomes increasingly important. Objective The main aim of this systematic review was to investigate and communicate findings on the accuracy and precision of consumer-grade physical activity monitors in assessing the time spent in SB in children and adolescents. Methods Searches of PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, SPORTDiscus (full text), ProQuest, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, DART Europe E-theses Portal, and Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations electronic databases were performed. All relevant studies that compared different types of consumer-grade monitors using a comparison method in the assessment of SB, published in European languages from 2015 onward were considered for inclusion. The risk of bias was estimated using Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instruments. For enabling comparisons of accuracy measures within the studied outcome domain, measurement accuracy interpretation was based on group mean or percentage error values and 90% CI. Acceptable limits were predefined as –10% to +10% error in controlled and free-living settings. For determining the number of studies with group error percentages that fall within or outside one of the sides from previously defined acceptable limits, two 1-sided tests of equivalence were carried out, and the direction of measurement error was examined. Results A total of 8 studies complied with the predefined inclusion criteria, and 3 studies provided acceptable data for quantitative analyses. In terms of the presented accuracy comparisons, 14 were subsequently identified, with 6 of these comparisons being acceptable in terms of quantitative analysis. The results of the Cochran Q test indicated that the included studies did not share a common effect size (Q5=82.86; P<.001). I2, which represents the percentage of total variation across studies due to heterogeneity, amounted to 94%. The summary effect size based on the random effects model was not statistically significant (effect size=14.36, SE 12.04, 90% CI −5.45 to 34.17; P=.23). According to the equivalence test results, consumer-grade physical activity monitors did not generate equivalent estimates of SB in relation to the comparison methods. Majority of the studies (3/7, 43%) that reported the mean absolute percentage errors have reported values of <30%. Conclusions This is the first study that has attempted to synthesize available evidence on the accuracy and precision of consumer-grade physical activity monitors in measuring SB in children and adolescents. We found very few studies on the accuracy and almost no evidence on the precision of wearable activity monitors. The presented results highlight the large heterogeneity in this area of research. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42021251922; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=251922

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy and Precision of Consumer-Grade Wearable Activity Monitors for Assessing Time Spent in Sedentary Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review

Martinko¹,

Karuc²,

Jurić³

et al. 2022

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

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“…In addition, the accuracy of physical activity intensity classification provided from the Fitbit Charge HR, which now has the heart rate function added, is that the moderate-to vigorous-intensity activities showed a classification accuracy of 70.8%. However, the accuracy for the light-intensity activities was 66.1%, indicating more insufficient accuracy compared to the moderate-to vigorousintensity activities [42]. Although considerable research has been performed to develop and evaluate PAEE estimates, there still are no solid estimates for children's PAEE and many challenges remain in trying to develop standardized PAEE estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Equation to Estimate Energy Expenditure Using Heart Rate in Children

et al. 2021

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The first aim of this study was to develop equations to predict physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) for children utilizing heart rate monitors (HRM) and vector magnitudes (VM) from accelerometers. The second aim was to cross-validate the developed PAEE prediction equations and compare the equations to the pre-existing accelerometer-based PAEE equation (i.e., Trost). Seventy-five students in elementary school (from 10 to 13 years old) were classified into an equation calibration group (N = 50, 33 boys and 17 girls) and a cross-validation group (N = 25, 20 boys and 5 girls). Participants simultaneously wore a portable indirect calorimeter (Cosmed’s K4b2), a heart rate monitor on the chest, and an accelerometer on the right side of the waist. Then, the participants performed a series of various intensity activities. The energy expenditure (EE) measured by K4b2 was set as the dependent variable. Multiple regression analysis was performed to derive the heart rate and accelerometer-based equations. The heart-rate-based EE equation had an explanatory power of adj. R2 = 0.814 and the accelerometer-based EE equation had an explanatory power of adj. R2 = 0.802. The VM-based EE indicated high mean absolute percent errors (MAPE) at light, moderate, and vigorous intensity. The heart-rate-based EE was included in the range of equivalence limit in all activities, but the VM and pre-existing equation showed some overestimation beyond the equivalence range. The agreement errors between the criterion EE and the estimated EE were lower in the heart-rate-based equation than the accelerometer-based equations (i.e., VM and Trost). The approach with the heart-rate-based EE equation demonstrated higher accuracy than the accelerometer-based EE equations. The results of the current study indicate that the heart-rate-based PAEE equation can be a potential method for estimating children’s PAEE.

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“…What further complicates the study of Fitbit accuracy is the lack of knowledge of Fitbit devices’ ability to collect accelerometer data and/or demographic information to project physical activity data (steps, distance, energy expenditure/calories burned, etc.) ( 53 ). This is enabled by Fitbit ® ’s proprietary rights.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study of children aged 9-11 showed accuracy of the Fitbit Charge HR for measuring moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sleep and inaccuracy for steps, heart rate, and energy expenditure (52). Another study also on children aged 8-12 with the same device demonstrated strong reliability for MVPA as well as sedentary and light-intensity activity, but conversely found that step counts were relatively/slightly inaccurate (53). However, a third study of preschoolers wearing the Fitbit Flex found a low accuracy of MVPA while sedentary activity was accurately measured (54).…”

Section: Fitbit Inaccuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of Fitbit devices among children and adolescents with chronic health conditions: a scoping review

Kasparian¹,

Badawy²

2022

mHealth

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Background: While Fitbit ® devices were initially intended for leisurely, consumer use, there has been recent interest among scientific and medical communities in the prospective use of Fitbit devices for clinical and research purposes. Those who have chronic health conditions are often required to spend considerable amounts of money and time undergoing physiological tests and activity monitoring to support, stabilize, and manage their health. This disease burden is only amplified in pediatric populations. Devices that are used to collect these data can be invasive, uncomfortable, and disconcerting. Using the Fitbit tracker to acquire such biometric data could ease this burden. Our scoping review seeks to summarize the research that has been conducted on the utilization of Fitbit devices in studies of children and adolescents with chronic health conditions and the feasibility, accuracy, and potential benefits of doing so.Methods: Searches were conducted on PubMed for articles relating pediatric health to Fitbit device usage (using a Boolean search strategy). The eligibility criteria included trials being clinical and/or randomized controlled and articles being in English. Once articles were obtained, they underwent screening and exclusion processes and were charted for their titles, authors, objectives, results, and respective chronic illnesses. In the subsequent full-text review, further charting was conducted, collecting study designs, Fitbit parameters, feasibility, accuracy, and related health and clinical outcomes.Results: Fitbit trackers were unanimously demonstrated to be feasible devices in this population for physical activity monitoring and were determined to be potentially beneficial in measuring and improving overall wellbeing and physical health in children with chronic illness. Nevertheless, sufficient evidence was not found in support of Fitbit accuracy. Additional biases were identified against the population of children with chronic health conditions that may further enable inaccurate data.Conclusions: While Fitbit devices may be beneficial for those interested in improving physical health, discretion is advised for those seeking to collect accurate and/or medically necessitated data. Given the existing literature evaluated, medical-grade technologies are preferred in instances of the latter, as Fitbit devices have not been found to provide reliably accurate data.

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Comparison of a Wearable Tracker with Actigraph for Classifying Physical Activity Intensity and Heart Rate in Children

Cited by 23 publications

References 39 publications

Accuracy and Precision of Consumer-Grade Wearable Activity Monitors for Assessing Time Spent in Sedentary Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review

Accuracy and Precision of Consumer-Grade Wearable Activity Monitors for Assessing Time Spent in Sedentary Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review

A New Equation to Estimate Energy Expenditure Using Heart Rate in Children

Utility of Fitbit devices among children and adolescents with chronic health conditions: a scoping review

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