Comparison of a mechanized version of the ‘König’ reaction and a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the determination of nicotine metabolites in urine

Pickert, A.; Lingenfelser, Thomas; Pickert, Christiane; Birbaumer, Niels; Overkamp, D.; Eggstein, M.

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(93)90160-6

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, a study has shown that trans-3¢-hydroxycotinine crossreacts by about 30% with the polyclonal rabbit anticotinine antiserum commonly used to determine cotinine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [82], which does not seem to be the case for monoclonal antibodies [44]. Besides this possible cross-reactivity, immunoassays require the use of costly reagents [70]. The principal advantages of immunological methods are low sample-volume requirements, little sample manipulation, and rapidity of analysis [97].…”

Section: Analytical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method must therefore be considered a reliable index of smoking status, provided that blanks are included to take into account the coloration of each urine sample [41,94]. However, interferences due, for example, to the presence of drugs with a pyridine ring (nicotinic acid, isoniazid, nicotinamide) are important [70,94]. Moreover, the high detection threshold makes this method inappropriate for monitoring of ETS exposure (see below) [41].…”

Section: Analytical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary cotinine as a tobacco-smoke exposure index: a minireview

Haufroid

Lison

1998

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

229

151

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A minireview is presented concerning the use of cotinine as a tobacco-smoke exposure index. First, general considerations about methods for the determination of urinary cotinine are presented. Besides pure analytical aspects, this minireview considers major problems encountered in the establishment of threshold values that can be used to distinguish not only smokers from nonsmokers but also nonsmokers exposed or not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In addition, the use of urinary cotinine is illustrated in several situations where smoking status assessment is of interest. Such situations include evaluation of the impact of smoking cessation programs, monitoring of pregnancy and of other groups at risk, assessment of occupational exposure to industrial pollutants, validation of phase I clinical trials, and the control of life insurance candidates. The specific problem of ETS exposure assessment is briefly mentioned.

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Section: Analytical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary cotinine as a tobacco-smoke exposure index: a minireview

Haufroid

Lison

1998

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

229

151

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“…A range of 1.003 to 1.03 was used to indicate good hydration [21]. Total nicotine metabolites were determined using a colorimetric assay adapted for an automatic chemistry analyser (Cobass Bio, Roche, Australia) [22]. Urinary methyl histidines were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay which was adapted from the method of Simons and Johnson [23].…”

Section: Activity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of consumption of Australian combat rations on Military personnel after a medium-term field exercise

Booth¹,

Coad²,

Forbes-Ewan³

et al. 2001

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The effect of combat ration pack (CRP) feeding on military performance in a tropical environment was assessed. Three groups received different diets: freshly prepared foods (Fresh group), a Full CRP and a Half CRP during the conduct of a routine training exercise over 12 days. Physical, cognition, immune and nutritional status were recorded. Freshly prepared foods were better consumed than CRP foods. A high rate of CRP item discards resulted in subjects eating insufficient food for their energy and carbohydrate requirements and hence significant weight loss, protein catabolism and immune suppression were observed for the two CRP groups. All subjects experienced poor sleep quality with no effect of dietary treatment. Subjects eating CRP reported greater levels of fatigue and negative emotions than the Fresh group. All subjects had poor folate and vitamin K status, which tended to become worse during the exercise period. Subjects drank insufficient water to prevent dehydration and a high rate of cigarette smoking contributed to poor antioxidant status. Despite these negative effects, cognition and physical fitness were maintained over the course of the exercise. This study aimed to document the effect of medium-term CRP feeding on military performance in a tropical environment. The study was conducted during Exercise Northern Awakening, RAAF Base Scherger. Airfield Defence Guards (ADGs) of the Second Airfield Defence Squadron (2AFDS) were recruited into Group 1 (n=10, Full CRP, 15000 kj/day), Group 2 (n=10, Half-CRP, 7500 kj/day) and Group 3 (n=13, Fresh group, fresh rations, 15000 kj/day). Nutritional requirements were estimated by use of the Ration Expert Advisor Program (REAP™). The nutrition study was conducted during a routine ground defence training exercise over 12 days. Indices of physical fitness, cognition, immunocompetence and nutritional status were recorded. Energy expenditure of selected subjects was measured by the doubly-labelled water method. Activity and sleep quality were recorded by use of wrist Actigraphs™. Dietary intake was recorded. RELEASE LIMITATIONRecorded activity and calculated energy expenditure indicated similar levels of physical activity for the three treatment groups. All subjects experienced a highly disruptive and poor sleep quality with no apparent effect of dietary treatment. There was no change in cognition over the study period and no differences were found between the dietary treatment groups.Conclusions and Recommendations 1. The menu, which was designed by use of REAP™, was found to maintain the nutrition status of subjects in the Fresh group.• Further work to tailor REAP™ to Australian conditions is warranted.2. Freshly prepared foods were better consumed than CRP foods. A high rate of ration item discards by ADGs being fed CRP as their sole nutrition resulted in these subjects eating insufficient food for their energy and carbohydrate needs.• Future CRP acceptability studies should focus on understanding the reasons why soldiers discard up to one quarter of the ...

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“…The remaining 17 subjects did not complete the diaries and were excluded from further analyses. In a previous study (Pickert et al 1992) we found that self reported cigarette consumption was correlated highly with urinary cotinine level. In order to evaluate whether the smoker groups differed on important data regarding the cardiovascular system, data from the daily records (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, athletic activity, 339 coffee consumption, tobacco consumption) and the blood lipid data (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, LDL/HDL) were subjected to oneway ANOVAs containing the factor Group (non-smoker or light, medium and heavy smokers).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cigarette smoking, blood lipids, and baroreceptor-modulated nociception

et al. 1993

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Activation of arterial blood pressure has been shown to influence higher central nervous activity. In animals, induction of sleep-like states and increases of seizure and pain thresholds in response to baroreceptor stimulation have been reported. In certain human groups, mechanical stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors also increases pain thresholds. The present paper examines the hypothesis that smokers show baroreceptor dependent antinociception as compared to non-smokers. It is speculated that one effect which rewards smoking is the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increase which leads to baroreceptor stimulation and dampens pain perception. One hundred and twenty subjects were investigated using a recently developed mechanical baroreceptor stimulation technique and an electrical pain stimulus. The group of heavy smokers showed the predicted effect: their pain thresholds were enhanced during conditions of increased baroreceptor activity as compared to the control condition. The group of medium, light and non-smokers, however, did not show this effect. Neither blood lipid levels nor diastolic or systolic blood pressure paralleled the group differences on baroreceptor dependent antinociception. In heavy smokers, the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increases might have baroreceptor dependent pain dampening effects, which might be among the reinforcing qualities of smoking.

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Comparison of a mechanized version of the ‘König’ reaction and a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the determination of nicotine metabolites in urine

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Urinary cotinine as a tobacco-smoke exposure index: a minireview

Urinary cotinine as a tobacco-smoke exposure index: a minireview

The effect of consumption of Australian combat rations on Military personnel after a medium-term field exercise

Cigarette smoking, blood lipids, and baroreceptor-modulated nociception

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