Comparison of 3D VSP and High Resolution Surface Seismic Images for Improved Reservoir Monitoring and Characterization

Abstract

Two 126 level 3-component 3D-VSP's (Vertical Seismic Profiles) were acquired coincident with a high-resolution surface seismic survey. Figure 1 shows the location of the first 3D-VSP on the crest of the field and the second 3D-VSP on the flank of the field. Using the surface seismic sources, 11712 shot points were used per VSP to collect 4.5 million traces per VSP, which produced a 6–9 km2 final 3D-VSP image around each of the two wells. Due to the large offsets and high density of traces available it was possible to experiment with acquisition and processing methodologies to produce images that resolve thinner beds, see more structural definition and improve reservoir characterization. Results from the first phase of processing are very encouraging and show the 3D-VSP images to be able to resolve subtle faults that were not seen in older surface seismic data and have higher frequency content than the new 640 fold, high resolution surface seismic data. Source and receiver decimation tests are aiding in efforts to better understand how to acquire high quality 3D-VSP's in the future with minimal effort and cost. Efforts to expand the size of the 3D-VSP volumes around the wells have been successful. The largest image produced so far has been able to image more than 1.5 km away from the wellbore. The high quality VSP images and the fact that VSP's can be repeated at much lower cost than surface seismic makes this technology very attractive for future time-lapse reservoir monitoring studies.

Quality Control of DAS VSP Data in Desert Environment Using Simulations and Matching Filters

“…In particular, desert environment features large daily temperature variations and extremely low velocities and high heterogeneity in the near surface. In fact, VSP is often chosen for seismic imaging in the desert because it is less susceptible to near surface velocity anomalies [ 8 , 17 ]. Still, only recently a successful multi-well–single interrogator unit (IU) DAS VSP acquisition was demonstrated by Aldawood et al [ 18 ] in a desert environment.…”

“…With a minor operational cost and low power consumption, FO sensing can be used on-demand to acquire single or multiple sets of VSPs covering the full depth range of the well without well intervention [5][6][7]. Since dense sampling by borehole receivers is beneficial for large-scale 3D VSP imaging in the Middle East [8], it is highly desirable to replace geophones by DAS to achieve dense channel VSP imaging at affordable Sensors 2024, 24, 1075 2 of 17 cost [9]. However, concerns on the quality of DAS data have held back the deployment of DAS in VSP surveys and demanded good solutions on quality control (QC).…”