Comparison between the Effects of Adding Vitamins, Trace Elements, and Nanoparticles to SHOTOR Extender on the Cryopreservation of Dromedary Camel Epididymal Spermatozoa

Abstract

There are several obstacles in camel semen cryopreservation; such as increasing semen viscosity and the reduction in motile spermatozoa after ejaculation. Epididymal spermatozoa offer an efficient alternative to overcome these problems and are well-suited for artificial insemination in camels. In the current study, we compared the effects of supplementation with vitamin C, E, inorganic trace elements of selenium (Na2SeO3) and zinc (ZnSO4), and zinc and selenium nanoparticles (ZnONPs and SeNPs, respectively) on the cryopreservation of dromedary camel epididymal spermatozoa. When the SHOTOR extender was supplemented with ZnONPs and SeNPs; the sperm showed increased progressive motility; vitality; and membrane integrity after cooling at 5 °C for 2 h; when compared to the control and vitamin-supplemented groups. Moreover, the ZnONPs and SeNPs supplementation improved the progressive motility, vitality, sperm membrane integrity, ultrastructural morphology, and decreased apoptosis when frozen and thawed. SeNPs significantly increased reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and decreased lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The advantageous effects of the trace elements were potentiated by reduction into a nano-sized particle, which could increase bioavailability and reduce the undesired liberation of toxic concentrations. We recommend the inclusion of SeNPs or ZnONPs to SHOTOR extenders to improve the cryotolerance of camel epididymal spermatozoa.

A Polyphenol-Rich Extract From Entada abyssinica Reduces Oxidative Damage in Cryopreserved Ram Semen

“…This may be due to the high concentration of tannins that potentially inhibit the activity associated with apoptosis regulation ( 37 ). Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that recommend the addition of different antioxidants in semen extenders during cryopreservation ( 13 , 14 , 38 , 39 ).…”

Sperm Cryodamage in Ruminants: Understanding the Molecular Changes Induced by the Cryopreservation Process to Optimize Sperm Quality

“…These findings can be explained by the positive effect that selenium nanoparticles exert on GPx activity, reducing oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. Supplementation of the freezing medium with selenium or zinc oxide nanoparticles also improved the post-thaw quality of dromedary camel sperm [142]. Both nanoparticles have the ability to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx and SOD), GSH and scavenge ROS.…”

“…The former includes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), while the latter includes reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamins, plant extracts (e.g., cinnamtannin B-1), minerals, amino acids, proteins and other exogenous compounds (e.g., resveratrol or quercetin) with antioxidant properties [123,139]. Recent studies investigated the addition of different nanoparticles to the freezing medium to overcome the main drawbacks that conventional antioxidants could present, like the low durability to harsh conditions [140][141][142][143]. Nanotechnology advances have contributed to the design of novel nano-compounds that possess antioxidant properties, such as selenium, zinc oxide and apoferritin containing gold-silver nanoparticles.…”

The effects of cryopreservation on the acrosome structure, enzyme activity, motility, and fertility of bovine, ovine, and goat sperm

“…In consequence, if the damage can be reduced during cryopreservation, the survival rate of the sperm will increase after cryopreservation. In some publications, when vitamin and Na 2 SeO 3 were respectively added to the freezing medium, sperm vitality was significantly increased (Mohamed et al, 2020). Moreover, the rate of early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis were significantly decreased after cryopreservation, therefore, changing constituent of freezing medium maybe improve quality of sperm.…”