Comparison Between Gynecological Examination Methods and Sample Collection Techniques for the Diagnosis of Endometritis in Subfertile Mares

Soares, Carlos Mattos Teixeira; Viana, Arabela Guedes de Azevedo; Ribeiro, Iara Magalhães; Silva, Kamilla Dias Paes; Sancler-Silva, Y. F. R.; Machado‐Neves, Mariana

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104147

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As demonstrated repeatedly, the combination of cytological analysis with endometrial culture results in increasing the ability to detect endometritis in mares [ 8 , 10 , 15 ]. The use of a single instrument to collect samples for endometrial cytology and microbiological evaluation in mares was previously proposed [ 12 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low-volume flushes, CBs, and CSs have been validated for the cytological evaluation of the endometrium in mares [ 4 , 11 , 16 , 17 ]. Moreover, the use of a double-guarded CB has been demonstrated to improve diagnostic accuracy for endometrial cytology in mares and women [ 5 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 31 ]. Cytological slides prepared immediately after collection had more background, red blood cell contamination, and more intact endometrial and inflammatory cells than LS and PS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…False-positive cultures are common due to contamination of the sampling instrument from the environment, external genitalia, or vagina [ 6 , 7 ]. A reliable diagnosis of endometritis can be established when the positive culture is supported by the finding of endometrial inflammation in cytology [ 8 ]. The combination of these two techniques has the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy, proving especially beneficial in specific subclinical situations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of these two techniques has the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy, proving especially beneficial in specific subclinical situations. [ 5 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of cytobrush for bacteriological and cytological diagnosis of endometritis in mares

Prete,

Nocera,

Piegari

et al. 2024

Vet World

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Background and Aim: A combined microbial and cytological examination of uterine samples is the main diagnostic method for endometritis in mares. This study aimed to describe a procedure for using the same uterine cytobrush (CB) for both bacteriological and cytological evaluation. Materials and Methods: The procedure consists of rolling the CB onto a sterilized glass slide immediately after collection and before the transfer into a sterile saline solution. In Experiment 1, a comparison between bacteriological results of the cotton swab (CS) and CB or pellet was made in 10 mares; in Experiment 2, bacteriological and cytological results were compared between different processing methods of CB in 28 mares; in other 6 mares, a CB was processed for cytology only, to investigate the reasons for the low cellularity of the pellet. Results: The agreement between culture results from the CB and CS was evaluated, and a comparison between the cytological data obtained by different processing methods of CB was performed. The perfect agreement between the CB and CS microbiological results was found. The described procedure enables useful diagnostic smears for cytology. Moreover, the seeding of both the tip of CB and the saline solution used for the transport produced accurate bacteriological results. Conclusion: The protocol described in this study for the use of CB for both cytological and bacteriological analysis could be used for the diagnosis of endometritis. To maximize diagnostic sample quality, cytology slides must be prepared with meticulous care in the field to preserve cellular integrity and minimize artifacts. Keywords: endometritis, field conditions, mare, microbiology brush, uterine sampling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of these two techniques has the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy, proving especially beneficial in specific subclinical situations. [ 5 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Use of cytobrush for bacteriological and cytological diagnosis of endometritis in mares

Prete,

Nocera,

Piegari

et al. 2024

Vet World

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“…4 Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, accuracy, and the number and quality of samples that can be collected. 5 However, these laboratory-assisted diagnostic tools are still not standardised. 5 Efforts are needed to develop a rapid, convenient and minimally invasive diagnostic or screening approach for equine endometritis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting potential biomarkers of plasma proteins in mares with endometritis

Zhang,

Mai,

Gao

et al. 2024

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundEndometritis is a common condition in mares that causes significant economic loss. Lacking obvious clinical signs, the clinical diagnosis of endometritis in mares relies on case‐by‐case clinical examinations, which can be particularly inefficient in large‐scale farms. Therefore, the identification of potential biomarkers can serve as a non‐invasive and efficient screening technique for endometritis in mares.ObjectivesTo compare the blood proteome between fertile mares and mares with endometritis to identify biomarkers potentially associated with the development of endometritis and validate their predictive potential.Study designObservational and experimental study.MethodsDifferentially expressed proteins were identified via Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) proteomic profiling in a screening cohort composed of eight healthy mares and eight mares with endometritis. Subsequently, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was employed that included a validation cohort of 40 healthy mares and 40 mares with endometritis to verify the accuracy and sensitivity of the identified proteins, thereby establishing a diagnostic threshold.ResultsIn the screening cohort, 12 proteins were significantly differentially expressed between endometritis mares and healthy controls (p < 0.05, outside the 1/1.2 to 1.2‐fold). In the validation experiment, all six screened proteins were assessed with area under the curve (AUC) >0.8.Main limitationsThe samples displayed certain levels of individual heterogeneity, and the number of samples analysed was limited. Additionally, the identified biomarkers were primarily associated with generalised inflammation, which potentially limited their specificity for endometritis.ConclusionLevels of plasma proteins are sensitive indicators of equine endometritis and potential tools for endometritis screening. In plasma, fetuin B, von Willebrand factor, vitamin K‐dependent protein C, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3, interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein, and type II cell cytoskeleton showed great predictive ability, with fetuin B being the best predictor (AUC = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89–0.98), which performs better when combined with all six detected proteins (AUC = 1, 95% CI: 0.99–1.00).

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Hemodynamic Changes of the Uterine Artery in Mares With Different Uterine Pathologies

Günay Uçmak,

Kurban,

Özbezek

2024

SVR

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Cysts, fluid accumulation, inflammatory changes and tumors are common uterine pathologies in mares. It was aimed to investigate the change of uterine hemodynamics in mares according to uterine pathologies (endometritis or intrauterine cysts). The study contained 28 mares and the groups formed as 9 gynaecologically healthy diestrus mares (Group H), 9 mares with endometritis (Group E) and 10 mares with intrauterine cyst (Group C). The mean uterine diameter (UD) in Group H (2.29±0.18 cm) was significantly lower than in Group C (2.97±0.19 cm) (P<0.05) and in Group E (3.47±0.29 cm) (P<0.01). The diameters of the intrauterine cysts ranged between 0.51 cm and 1.83 cm in Group C. The highest diameter of the uterine artery (UA) was observed in Group E. Hemodynamic indices of UA (PI and RI) in Group E were not significantly different from those in Group C (P>0.05). However, PI and RI values in Group H were significantly lower than both in Group E and Group C (P<0.001). The UA waveform in Group E had an early diastolic notch while systolic notches and small diastolic peaks were observed in the UA waveforms of the mares in group C. Doppler USG is considered as a useful tool to analyze the waveform and hemodynamics of the UA related to the different pathologies (cyst or endometritis). It was concluded that not only Doppler indices but also characteristics of the waveforms of the UA should be evaluated to understand the hemodynamic effect of the uterine pathologies. Hemodinamične spremembe maternične arterije pri kobilah z različnimi patologijami maternice Ciste, nabiranje tekočine, vnetne spremembe in tumorji so pogoste patologije maternice pri kobilah. Naš namen je bil preučiti hemodinamične spremembe maternice glede na patologijo maternice (endometritis ali intrauterine ciste). V študijo je bilo vključenih 28 kobil, razdeljenih v skupine: 9 ginekološko zdravih kobil v diestrusu (skupina H), 9 kobil z endometritisom (skupina E) in 10 kobil z intrauterino cisto (skupina C). Povprečni premer maternice (UD) v skupini H (2.29±0.18) je bil bistveno manjši kot v skupini C (2.97±0.19 cm) (P<0.05) in skupini E (3.47±0.29 cm) (P<0.01). Premeri inrauterinih cist v skupini C so se gibali med 0.51 cm in 1.83 cm. Največji premer maternične arterije (UA) je bil opažen v skupini E. Hemodinamični indeksi UA (PI in RI) v skupini E se niso bistveno razlikovali od tistih v skupini C (P>0.05). Vrednosti PI in RI v skupini H pa so bile bistveno nižje kot v skupini E in C (P<0.001). Pri skupini E je bil v krivulji UA prisoten zgodnji diastolični vrez, medtem ko so bile v krivulji UA kobil iz skupine C opazne sistolične zareze in majhni diastolični vrhovi. Dopplerjev USG velja za uporabno orodje za analizo valovanja in hemodinamike UA, povezanih z različnimi patologijami (cista ali endometritis). Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je za razumevanje hemodinamskega učinka patologij maternice poleg dopplerskih indeksov potrebno vrednotiti tudi značilnosti valovnih oblik UA. Ključne besede: Doplerjeva ultrazvočna preiskava; endometritis; intrauterina cista; zareza

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Comparison Between Gynecological Examination Methods and Sample Collection Techniques for the Diagnosis of Endometritis in Subfertile Mares

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Use of cytobrush for bacteriological and cytological diagnosis of endometritis in mares

Use of cytobrush for bacteriological and cytological diagnosis of endometritis in mares

Selecting potential biomarkers of plasma proteins in mares with endometritis

Hemodynamic Changes of the Uterine Artery in Mares With Different Uterine Pathologies

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