Comparing the Natural and Anthropogenic Sodium Channel Blockers Tetrodotoxin and Indoxacarb in Garter Snakes

Abstract

Synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, are used in a variety of ways in the agricultural industry. Anthropogenic chemicals pose a unique challenge to organisms because of the lack of evolutionary history between the chemical and the organism. However, research has shown that some organisms have a resistance to these synthetic chemicals due to their evolved resistance to a natural compound with a similar structure or mode of action. Indoxacarb (INDOX) is a relatively new pesticide with a similar mode of action to that of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is a naturally occurring toxin that is used as an antipredator defense in the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa). Some populations of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) have developed a resistance to tetrodotoxin. Here, we investigated the correlation between TTX and INDOX resistance in snakes. We hypothesized that INDOX would induce a much higher stress response than the naturally occurring TTX. We injected each snake with tetrodotoxin (1 mass-adjusted mouse unit). We did the same with mass-adjusted units of INDOX. We measured corticosterone, testosterone, and bactericidal ability. Our results show an acute stress response to INDOX, but not TTX through an elevate corticosterone and innate immune response, although there was no difference in testosterone concentration. These results suggest that, although INDOX may have a similar mechanism of action, garter snakes do not react in a similar manner as to TTX. This research gives a physiological perspective on the differences between naturally occurring compounds and synthetic compounds.

Corticosteroid responses of snakes to toxins from toads (bufadienolides) and plants (cardenolides) reflect differences in dietary specializations

“…Differences in these responses may reflect species-specific physiological adaptations (Hopkins et al, 2016;Neuman-Lee et al, 2016a). We have shown that exposure to low concentrations of gamabufotalin elicits an increase in corticosterone in all three species groups.…”

“…Vertebrates possess a suite of physiological responses to external challenges (Neuman-Lee et al, 2016a;Love and Williams, 2008;McEwen, 2007;Råberg et al, 1998), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis constitutes one of the most conserved mechanisms underlying these responses (Wingfield, 2005;Wingfield and Romero, 2001). The HPA axis interacts with other physiological systems by activating and/or suppressing a physiological cascade that stimulates hormonal secretion from the adrenal glands (Dhabhar, 2009;Norris, 2006;Sapolsky et al, 2000).…”