Comparing the Gut Microbiome in Autism and Preclinical Models: A Systematic Review

Al-Amoudi, Mohamed; Hosie, Suzanne; Shindler, Anya E.; Wood, Jennifer L.; Franks, Ashley E.; Hill‐Yardin, Elisa L.

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.905841

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Since animal models are widely used for studying and understanding psychiatric disorders in humans, it is also important to point out that some genera with increased abundance in individuals with ASD, specifically, Bilophila , Clostridium , Dorea , and Lactobacillus , revealed the same changes in mouse models of autism. Other genera with decreased abundance in autistic individuals, e.g., Blautia , show the same picture in animals, as reported in a recent review [ 112 ]. Many other differences in gut microbiota were found exclusively in humans (e.g., Alistipes , Ruminococcus ) or exclusively in animal models (e.g., Asaccharobacter ) [ 112 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Gut Microbiota Profiles in Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders

2022

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The aim of our work is to summarize the current state of knowledge on gut microbiota differences in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. To find the relevant articles, the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched. Articles in English presenting original data and comparing the composition of gut microbiota in child psychiatric patients with gut microbiota in healthy children and adolescents were selected. Finally, we identified 55 articles eligible for our purpose. The majority of patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were investigated. A smaller number of studies evaluating the gut microbiota in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Rett syndrome, anorexia nervosa, depressive disorder (DD), and tic disorders were found. The main findings of this research are discussed in our review, focusing on the age-related gut microbiota specificity for psychiatric disorders and the differences between individual diagnosis. To conclude, the gut microbiota in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders is evidently different from that in controls. The most pronounced differences are seen in children with ASD, less in ADHD. Moreover, the changes are not identical to those in adult psychiatric patients, as Ruminococcus, Turicibacter, and Bilophila were increased in adults, and decreased in children with ASD, and Parabacteroides and Alistipes were more frequently represented in adults, but less frequently represented in children with depression. The available data suggest some genera have a different abundance in individual psychiatric disorders (e.g., Bilophila, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcus), suggesting their importance for the gut–brain axis. Other bacterial genera might be more important for the pathophysiology of specific disorder in children and adolescents, as Akkermansia and Desulfovibrio for ASD, or Romboutsia for DD. Based on the research findings, we assume that gut microbiota corrections have the potential to improve clinical symptoms in psychiatric patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Other genera with decreased abundance in autistic individuals, e.g., Blautia , show the same picture in animals, as reported in a recent review [ 112 ]. Many other differences in gut microbiota were found exclusively in humans (e.g., Alistipes , Ruminococcus ) or exclusively in animal models (e.g., Asaccharobacter ) [ 112 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Gut Microbiota Profiles in Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders

2022

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“…BTBR mice also exhibit dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive systems and an inflammatory immune profile resembling ASD ( Onore et al, 2013 ). Moreover, BTBR mice have prolonged intestinal transit, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and microbial dysbiosis symptoms similar to those reported in patients with ASD ( Leo et al, 2021 ; Alamoudi et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Seizure susceptibility to various convulsant stimuli in the BTBR mouse model of autism spectrum disorders

et al. 2023

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Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are one of the most severe chronic childhood disorders in terms of prevalence, morbidity, and impact on society. Interestingly, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses documented a bidirectional link between epilepsy and ASD, supporting the hypothesis that both disorders may have common neurobiological pathways. According to this hypothesis, an imbalance of the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio in several brain regions may represent a causal mechanism underpinning the co-occurrence of these neurological diseases.Methods: To investigate this bidirectional link, we first tested the seizure susceptibility to chemoconvulsants acting on GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in the BTBR mice, in which an imbalance between E/I has been previously demonstrated. Subsequently, we performed the PTZ kindling protocol to study the impact of seizures on autistic-like behavior and other neurological deficits in BTBR mice.Results: We found that BTBR mice have an increased susceptibility to seizures induced by chemoconvulsants impairing GABAA neurotransmission in comparison to C57BL/6J control mice, whereas no significant difference in seizure susceptibility was observed after administration of AMPA, NMDA, and Kainate. This data suggests that deficits in GABAergic neurotransmission can increase seizure susceptibility in this strain of mice. Interestingly, BTBR mice showed a longer latency in the development of kindling compared to control mice. Furthermore, PTZ-kindling did not influence autistic-like behavior in BTBR mice, whereas it was able to significantly increase anxiety and worsen cognitive performance in this strain of mice. Interestingly, C57BL/6J displayed reduced sociability after PTZ injections, supporting the hypothesis that a tight connection exists between ASD and epilepsy.Conclusion: BTBR mice can be considered a good model to study epilepsy and ASD contemporarily. However, future studies should shed light on the mechanisms underpinning the co-occurrence of these neurological disorders in the BTBR model.

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“…In addition, symbionts inhabiting the polysaccharide-rich mucus gel layer overlaying the gut epithelium build a biofilm-like community of microbes that benefit the host by boosting immune responses and digestion of luminal contents (Sonnenburg et al 2004 ). Given that multiple studies in human subjects have shown microbial dysbiosis in neurodevelopmental disorders (reviewed in (Alamoudi et al 2022 )), changes in GALT function and the mucus biofilm environment may be relevant to disruptions in homeostatic mechanisms and the immune response in gut observed in autism.…”

Section: The Role Of Microbes In Peyer’s and Caecal Patch Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Issues for patchy tissues: defining roles for gut-associated lymphoid tissue in neurodevelopment and disease

et al. 2022

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Individuals diagnosed with neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD; autism) often experience tissue inflammation as well as gastrointestinal dysfunction, yet their underlying causes remain poorly characterised. Notably, the largest components of the body’s immune system, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), lie within the gastrointestinal tract. A major constituent of GALT in humans comprises secretory lymphoid aggregates known as Peyer’s patches that sense and combat constant exposure to pathogens and infectious agents. Essential to the functions of Peyer’s patches is its communication with the enteric nervous system (ENS), an intrinsic neural network that regulates gastrointestinal function. Crosstalk between these tissues contribute to the microbiota-gut-brain axis that altogether influences mood and behaviour. Increasing evidence further points to a critical role for this signalling axis in neurodevelopmental homeostasis and disease. Notably, while the neuroimmunomodulatory functions for Peyer’s patches are increasingly better understood, functions for tissues of analogous function, such as caecal patches, remain less well characterised. Here, we compare the structure, function and development of Peyer’s patches, as well as caecal and appendix patches in humans and model organisms including mice to highlight the roles for these essential tissues in health and disease. We propose that perturbations to GALT function may underlie inflammatory disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction in neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism.

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Comparing the Gut Microbiome in Autism and Preclinical Models: A Systematic Review

Cited by 23 publications

References 85 publications

Gut Microbiota Profiles in Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders

Gut Microbiota Profiles in Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders

Seizure susceptibility to various convulsant stimuli in the BTBR mouse model of autism spectrum disorders

Issues for patchy tissues: defining roles for gut-associated lymphoid tissue in neurodevelopment and disease

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