Comparing solid phase extraction and direct injection for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of relevant explosives in lake water and tributaries using liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Ochsenbein, Ueli; Zeh, Markus; Berset, Jean-Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.004

Cited by 54 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Consequently, UMMM at the bottom of the lakes does not seem to be responsible for the contamination of the water column at the lakes. HMX, RDX, and PETN were detected in lake tributaries at concentrations as high as 0.0009 µg/L, which showed that tributaries seem to play an important role as external sources for the explosives found in the lakes (Ochsenbein et al 2008).…”

Section: Lakes Thun and Brienz (Switzerland)mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Extracts were concentrated to 30 µL and reconstituted in 500 µL of Milli-Q water before analysis were conducted using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MC that was analyzed include TNT, 2-A-4,6DNT, 4-A-2,6DNT, 2,4-DANT, 2,6-DANT, RDX, HMX, and PETN (Ochsenbein et al 2008). LRLs for water samples are provided in Appendix A of this report.…”

Section: Analytical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water samples from Lakes Thun and Brienz, as well as three tributaries of Lake Thun, were collected in 2006 and in 2007 (Ochsenbein et al 2008). Lake Thun samples were collected from depths of 1, 10, 20, 100, and 212 m, while Lake Brienz samples were collected from 1, 10, 20, 100, 200, and 255 m. River water samples (tributaries) were collected as grab samples during the same time.…”

Section: Sampling Effortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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Underwater military munitions (UWMM) may pose a risk to aquatic environments because they typically contain munitions constituents (MC) such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). If UWMM become corroded or breaches, the fill material may leak or dissolve into the surrounding environment, which could potentially adversely affecting affect the exposed biota. In large part, because of the high cost and complexity associated with sampling MC at UWMM sites, detailed and reliable information about MC in water, sediment, and biota is available for only a few sites, and therefore temporal and spatial uncertainties persist. Examination of available data indicates that concentrations of MC in water and sediment were largely below detection or were relatively low (e.g., parts per billion), with higher concentrations being highly localized and typically near a point source. These findings were in accordance with predictive modeling and with fate studies. Available toxicity data derived for a variety of freshwater and marine species were compiled and used to derive interim water quality criteria and protective values derived from species sensitivity distributions. Toxicity varied widely across a diversity of MC and species. For most aquatic sites, MC contamination in sediment and in the watercolumn presents low risk to the resident biota.

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Section: Lakes Thun and Brienz (Switzerland)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Analytical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Effortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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“…The detection of trace military explosives in seawater, lakes, rivers, soil, and industrial wastewater has been carried out on a worldwide scale following concerns regarding their presence in the natural environment from munitions factories used in World Wars I and II (Darrach et al, 1998;Furton et al, 2000;Psillakis and Kalogerakis, 2001;Monteil-Rivera et al, 2004;Pan et al, 2006;Guan et al, 2007;Ahmad et al, 2008;Ochsenbein et al, 2008;Barreto-Rodrigues et al, 2009;Babaee and Beiraghi, 2010;Schramm et al, 2016). However, in order to monitor explosives throughout the wastewater system and harness any information as an intelligence source, first it is essential to establish working methods for the analysis of peroxide explosives and to understand how they behave in complex environmental matrices (Morgan and Bull, 2007;Chisum and Turvey, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of trace peroxide explosives in environmental samples using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Gamble

Campos

Morgan

2017

Environmental Forensics

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This article presents solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods for the trace detection of the peroxide explosives triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD). Furthermore, experimental studies use these methods to explore the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processes at removing trace levels of peroxide explosives from water samples to assess the application of the developed methods for the detection of explosives in the environment. The principal results of this study showed that the greatest removal of TATP and HMTD from spiked water samples occurred following the biological treatment stage, however, the WWTP processing did not completely remove all of the analytes from the water, suggesting that such chemicals could contaminate downstream river water samples. The toxicity of chemical pollutants is often determined by their concentration, however, even at trace levels, the monitoring of explosives in the natural environment could be extremely informative for the detection of criminal activity as well as long-term effects upon aquatic life. These findings also have significant implications for crime prevention and disruption approaches that can use this type of data as intelligence to guide investigations regarding the source and attribution of detected explosives.

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“…The choice of sorbent material in SPE is determined by the nature of the explosive material, and the nature of the matrix material (42). Ochsenbein et al (43) successfully employed SPE cartridges with a polyvinylbenzene resin for the removal of matrix components and preconcentration of trace levels of RDX, HMX, PETN, and TNT from lake-water samples, while Tachon et al. (42) employed polymer sorbent materials for the preconcentration of organic explosives from mixtures with motor oil.…”

Section: B Sample Collection and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Systems for the Analysis of Improvised Explosives

Bottegal¹

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Comparing solid phase extraction and direct injection for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of relevant explosives in lake water and tributaries using liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 54 publications

References 29 publications

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Detection of trace peroxide explosives in environmental samples using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

The Development of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Systems for the Analysis of Improvised Explosives

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