Comparing of Frequency Shift and Impedance Analysis Method Based on QCM Sensor for Measuring the Blood Viscosity

Abstract

Blood viscosity measurements are crucial for the diagnosis of cardiovascular and hematological diseases. Traditional blood viscosity measurements have obvious limitations because of their expensive equipment usage and large sample consumption. In this study, blood viscosity was measured by the oscillating circuit method and impedance analysis method based on single QCM. In addition, the effectiveness of two methods with high precision and less sample is proved by the experiments. Moreover, compared to the result from a standard rotational viscometer, the maximum relative errors of the proposed oscillating circuit method and impedance analysis method are ±5.2% and ±1.8%, respectively. A reliability test is performed by repeated measurement (N = 5), and the result shows that the standard deviation about 0.9% of impedance analysis is smaller than that of oscillating circuit method. Therefore, the impedance analysis method is superior. Further, the repeatability of impedance analysis method was evaluated by regression analysis method, and the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.965 demonstrated that it had excellent reproducibility.

Influence of Front-End Electronics on Metrological Performance of QCM Systems

“…The theoretical behavior was obtained by modeling a QCM, inserted in the different specified circuits when operating with loads given by different Newtonian fluids. To this end the QCM behavior will be modeled through BVD circuit inserted in the specific front-end circuit to account for electrical loading, and the used solutions through a Newtonian fluid behavior (offering a specific mechanical load as per (6)). Therefore, we used electrical models (circuit), mechanical models (solutions) and finally coupled electromechanical models (quartz).…”

“…In this context, it is evident how monitoring other quantities related to the resonant behavior of the quartz can be beneficial, as it provides additional information about the interaction with the target substance. This is usually attained by exploiting different measurement techniques, ranging from impedance analysis [6][7][8][9][10] to simpler and lower-cost ones such as those based on frequency measurement associated with dissipation monitoring [11][12][13][14][15][16], or on a variant of oscillator-based systems, called QCM-R, recently proposed to simultaneously obtain a measurement of the dissipative behavior of the quartz [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Advances in the Mass Sensitivity Distribution of Quartz Crystal Microbalances: A Review

“…Due to the piezoelectric effect of quartz crystals, the QCM is a typical mass sensor that can translate the mass change on its surface into a frequency change [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. With the advantages of simple structure, easy operation, low cost, high sensitivity, and measurement accuracy that can reach the nanogram level, QCMs have been widely used in chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and surface science for compositional analysis of gases and liquids, as well as measurement of micromasses and film thickness and in viscoelastic structure detection [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The further development of the subsequent electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (E-QCM) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) techniques facilitate online tracking to detect changes in microscopic processes, with the advantage of access to rich information that is not possible with other methods [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

The Impedance Analysis of a Viscoelastic Petalous Structured Stearic Acid Functional Layer Deposited on a QCM

“…Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are a type of gravimetric sensor [ 1 ]. The advantage of this QCM-based sensor is that the detection of the mass change can reach nanogram scale [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Moreover, the QCM has a very fast frequency change response, making it possible to use it in real-time observation.…”