“…Due to the piezoelectric effect of quartz crystals, the QCM is a typical mass sensor that can translate the mass change on its surface into a frequency change [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. With the advantages of simple structure, easy operation, low cost, high sensitivity, and measurement accuracy that can reach the nanogram level, QCMs have been widely used in chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and surface science for compositional analysis of gases and liquids, as well as measurement of micromasses and film thickness and in viscoelastic structure detection [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The further development of the subsequent electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (E-QCM) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) techniques facilitate online tracking to detect changes in microscopic processes, with the advantage of access to rich information that is not possible with other methods [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”