“…Despite the rigorous quality control involved in the translation and adaptation processes of ILSAs, numerous studies have highlighted how items may behave differently across language versions and countries (Asil & Brown, 2016;Ercikan & Koh, 2005; A Grisay, de Jong, Gebhardt, Berezner, & Halleux-Monseur, 2007;Aletta Grisay & Monseur, 2007;Huang, Wilson, & Wang, 2016;Kreiner & Christensen, 2014;Oliveri & Ercikan, 2011;Sandilands, Oliveri, Zumbo, & Ercikan, 2013;Wu & Ercikan, 2006). These studies used statistical techniques generally referred to as differential item functioning (DIF) analyses to investigate potential bias across language versions within countries (e.g.…”